Jamaica Copyright Act Law

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Regulation | Bill | Objects & Reasons

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Act 4 of 1993

PART I

PRELIMINARY

1. Short title.

2. Interpretation.

3. Publication.

4. Lawful reception of broadcast.

PART II

Protected Works

5. Requirements for protection.

6. Category of eligible works.

7. Qualification for protection: author.

8. Qualification for protection: place of publication, etc.

9. Nature of copyright protection: economic and moral rights.

Duration of Copyright Protection

10. Duration of copyright in literary, etc. works.

11. Duration of copyright in sound recordings and films.

12. Duration of copyright in broadcasts and cable programmes.

13. Duration of copyright in typographical arrangement of editions.

PART III

Moral Rights And Related Rights

Identification with Work

14. Right to be identified as author, etc.

Objection to Treatment of Work

15. Right to object to, derogatory treatment of work.

Related Rights

16. False attribution of work.

17. Right to privacy of photographs and films.

Supplementary

18. Duration of moral rights and related rights.

19. Consent and waiver of rights.

20. Application of provisions to joint works.

21. Application of provisions to parts of work.

PART IV Ownership and Assignment of Rights Ownership of Copyright

22. Ownership of copyright.

Assignment of Copyright

23. Assignment and licences.

24. Prospective ownership of copyright.

25. Exclusive licence.

26. Copyright in unpublished manuscript passes under will.

27. Moral rights, etc. not assignable.

28. Transmission of moral rights, etc. on death.

PART V Infringement of Rights

General Provisions

29. Meaning of "action".

30. Provisions of Part subject to other provisions.

Infringement of Copyright

31. Acts infringing copyright.

Remedies of Copyright owner

32. Action by owner of copyright.

33. Order for delivery up in civil proceedings.

Remedies of Exclusive Licensee

34. Infringement of rights of exclusive licensee.

35. Infringement where rights concurrent.

Infringement of Moral Rights and Related Rights

36. Infringement of right to be identified as author or director.

37. Infringement of right to object to derogatry treatment of work.

38. Infringement by possession of infringing article.

39. Acts not infringing section 15.

40. False attribution of work: infringement of right.

41. Infringement of privacy right respecting photographs, etc.

42. Effect of consent and waiver or rights.

Remedies for Infringement of Moral Rights and Related Rights

43. Remedies for infringing moral rights, etc.

Presumptions

44. Presumptions where action relates to literary works, etc.

45. Presumptions where action relates to sound recordings, films or computer programs.

Offences

46. Penalties in respect of dealings which infringe copyright.

47. Presumptions not to apply.

48. Order to deliver up in criminal proceedings.

Supplementary

49. Application of provisions as to entry and search.

50. Provision for restricting importation of infringing copies.

PART VI

Exceptions to Infringement of Copyright

Preliminary

51. Definition of "sufficient acknowledgement".

General Exceptions

52. Research and private study.

53. Criticism, review and reporting.

54. Determining fair dealing.

55. Incidental inclusion of protected world.

Use of Work for Educational Purposes

56. Acts done for purposes of instruction or examination.

57. Anthologies for educational use.

58. Recording of broadcasts, etc. by educational establishments.

59. Restriction on reprographic copying by educational establishments.

60. Subsequent dealings with authorized copies.

Exceptions Arching Libraries and Archives

61. Interpretation of references: regulations.

62. Supply by librarian of copies of published work.

63. Supply of copies to other libraries.

64. Replacing copies of works.

65. Copying of unpublished work.

Exceptions Relating to Pubic Administration

66. Parliamentary and judicial proceedings and statutory inquiries.

67. Public Records.

Designs

68. Design documents and models.

69. Where design derived from artistic work is exploited.

Exception Relating to Works in Electronic Form

70. Transfer of works in electronic form.

Miscellaneous Exceptions Relating to Literary, Dramatic, Musical and Artistic Works

71. Anonymous and pseudonymous literary etc. works.

72. Use of notes of recordings of spoken word.

73. Reading or recitation in public.

74. Representation of artistic works on public display.

75. Reconstruction of buildings.

76. Subsequent work by same artist.

Miscellaneous Exceptions Relating to Sound Recordings, Films and Computer Programs

77. Making etc., of recordings of musical work previously made or imported.

78. Rental of sound recordings, etc.

79. Playing of sound recording for purposes of charitable organizations.

Miscellaneous Exceptions Respecting Broadcasts and Cable Programmes

80. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programme.

81. Recordings of broadcasts for programme control.

82. Recording for archival purposes.

83. Reception and retransmission of broadcast in cable programme service.

84. Recording for purposes of time shifting.

Adaptations

85. Adaptations.

Prescribed Exceptions

86. Power of Minister to prescribe exceptions to infringement.

PART VII

Preliminary

87. Interpretation for purposes of Part.

88. Licensing scheme to which sections 89 to 94 apply.

References and Applications Respecting Licensing Schemes

89. Reference for purposes of Part.

90. Reference of existing licensing scheme.

91. Further reference of scheme.

92. Application for grant of licence in connection with licensing scheme.

93. Application for review of order as to entitlement to licence.

94. Effect of order of Tribunal as to licensing scheme.

References and Applications Respecting Licences and Licensing Bodies

95. Licences to which sections 96 to 99 apply.

96. Reference to Tribunal of proposed licence.

97. Reference to Tribunal of expiring licence.

98. Application for review of order as to licence.

99. Effect of order of Tribunal as to licence.

Supplementary

100. Regulations may prescribe factors to be taken into account.

101. Royalty payable for rental of sound recording, film, etc.

102. Ministerial order in relation to licensing scheme.

PART VIII

The Copyright Tribunal

103. Establishment of Copyright Tribunal.

104. Jurisdiction of Tribunal.

105. Regulations relating to proceedings of Tribunal.

106. Appeal on point of law.

Part IX

Rights in Performances.

107. Conferment of rights in performances.

Performer's Rights

108. Consent required for recording or live transmission of performance.

109. Infringement of performer's rights by use of recording made without consent.

110. Consent and royalty required for adaptation of recording.

111. Infringement of performer's rights by importing, possessing, etc., illicit recording.

Rights of Person Having Recording Rights

112. Consent required for recording of performance subject to exclusive contract.

113. Infringement of recording rights by use of recordings made without consent.

114. Infringement of recording rights by importing, possessing, etc., illicit recording.

Exceptions to Infringement

115. Permitted acts in relation to performances.

116. Fair dealing for criticism, etc.

117. Incidental inclusion of performance or recording.

118. Acts done to recording or performance for purposes of instruction, etc.

119. Recording of broadcasts and cable programmes by educational establishments.

120. Acts done to performance or recording for Parliamentary proceedings, etc.

121. Transfer of recording of performance in electronic form.

122. Use of recordings of spoken words.

123. Playing sound recording as part of activities of charitable organization, etc.

124. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programme.

125. Recordings for supervision and control of programmer.

126. Recording of broadcast or cable programme for archival purposes.

127. Order excepting acts from infringing rights under this Part.

128. Tribunal may consent on behalf of performer.

Duration and Transmission of Rights in Performances; Consent

129. Duration of rights in performances.

130. Transmission of rights in performances.

131. Consent.

Remedies for Infringement of Rights in Performances

132. Infringement actionable as breach of statutory duty.

133. Order for delivery up of illicit recording in civil proceedings Offences.

134. Criminal liability for making, dealing with or using illicit recordings.

135. Order for delivery up of illicit recording in criminal proceedings.

136. False representation of authority to give consent.

Part X

General

137. Order for disposal of infringing copy or illicit recording.

138. Period after which remedy or delivery up not available.

139. Time limited for prosecution.

140. Powers of members of Constabulary Force.

141. Restrictions on the entry and search of domestic premises.

142. Obstruction of members of the Constabulary Force.

143. Offences by bodies corporate.

144. Power to apply provisions of Act to other country.

145. Denial of copyright or rights in performances.

146. International organizations.

147. Territorial waters and exclusive economic zone.

148. Act applies to Jamaican ships, aircraft.

149. Act binds Crown.

150. Regulations.

151. Repeals.

152. Savings.

153. Transitional.

Schedule (Section 103 (2)).

1. Short title.

1. This Act may be cited as the Copyright Act.

2. Interpretation.

2. (1) In this Act-

"adaptation" means-

(a) in relation to a literary or dramatic work-

(i) a translation of the work which, as respects a computer program, includes a version of the

program in which it is converted into or out of a computer language or code or into a different

computer language or code, otherwise than incidentally in the course of running the program;

(ii) a version of a dramatic work in which it is converted into a non-dramatic work or, as the case

may be, of a non-dramatic work in which it is converted into a dramatic work;

(iii) a version of a work in which the story or action is conveyed wholly or mainly by means of

pictures in a form suitable for reproduction in a book or in a newspaper, magazine or similar

periodical;

(b) in relation to a musical work, an arrangement or transcription of the work;

"appointed day" means 1st September, 1993;

"article" in the context of an article in a periodical, includes an item of any description;

"artistic work" means-

(a) a graphic work, photograph, sculpture or collage, whether the work is of artistic quality or not;

(b) a building or a model of a building, whether the building or model is of artistic quality or not; or

"author in relation to a work, means the person who creates it, being in relation to-

(a) a literary or dramatic work, the author of the work;

(b) a musical works the composer;

(d) a photograph, the person taking the photograph;

(e) a sound recording or film, the person by whom the arrangements necessary for the making of the

recording or film are undertaken;

(f) the typographical arrangement of a published edition, the publisher;

(g) a broadcast, the person making the broadcast as described in section 4 (2) or, in the case of a.

broadcast which relays another broadcast by reception and immediate retransmission, the person

making that other broadcast;

(h) a cable programme the person providing the cable programme service in which the programme

is included;

(i) a computer-generated literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, the person by whom the

arrangements necessary for the creation of the work are undertaken, and in relationship to a work of

a joint authorship, references in this Act to the author of a work shall, except as otherwise provided,

be construed as references to all the authors of the work;

"a broadcast" means a transmission by wireless telegraphy of visual images, sounds or other

information which-

(a) having regard to section 4, is capable of being lawfully received by members of the public; or

(b) is transmitted for presentation to members of the public;

"to broadcast" means to transmit by wireless telegraphy visual images or sounds, or both, for

reception by the public notwithstanding that-

(a) subsequent to the initial transmission, but before reception by the public, the images or sounds

may be carried on a path provided by a material substance;

(b) the public receiving or capable of receiving the images or sounds is in a country other than that

from which the original transmission took place; or

the public could, if in possession of suitable apparatus, receive them, and

"broadcasting" and "re-broadcasting" have corresponding meanings;

"building" includes a fixed structure of any kind and a part of a building or fixed structure;

"business" includes a trade or profession;

"cable programme" means any item included in a cable programme service, and any reference in

this Act-

(a) to the inclusion of a cable programme or work in a cable programme service is a reference to its

transmission as part of the service; and

(b) to the person including it is a reference to the person providing the service;

"cable programme service" means a service which consists wholly or mainly in sending visual

images, sounds or other information by means of a telecommunications system, otherwise than by

wireless telegraphy, for reception-

(a) at two or more places (whether for simultaneous reception or at different times in response to

requests by different users); or

(b) for presentation to members of the public, and which is not, or to the extent that it is not,

excepted by regulations made under this Act;

"collective work" means-

(a) a work of joint authorship; or

(b) a work in which there are distinct contributions by different authors or in which works or parts

of works of different authors are incorporated;

"computer-generated work" means a work generated by a computer in circumstances such that the

work has no human author;

"computer program" means a set of instructions, whether expressed in words or in schematic or

other form, which is capable, when incorporated in a machine-readable medium, of causing an

electronic or other device having information processing capabilities to indicate, perform or achieve

a particular function, task or result;

"copy" in relation to-

(a) a work that is a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, means a reproduction of the work in

any material form and, in respect of an artistic work, includes a reproduction in three-dimensions if

the artistic work is a two-dimensional work and a reproduction in two-dimensions if the artistic

work is a three-dimensional work;

(b) a work that is a film, television broadcast or cable programme, includes a photograph of the

whole or any substantial part of any image forming part of the film, broadcast or cable programme;

arrangement; and

(d) any description of work, includes a copy of the work that is transient or incidental to some other

use of the work,

and references to the copying of a work of any description shall be construed to include a reference

to storing the work in any medium by electronic means;

"copyright" means copyright conferred by Part II of this Act;

"Copyright Tribunal" or "Tribunal" means the Tribunal established under section 103;

"country" includes any territory;

"distribution" means the distribution to the public, for commercial purposes, of copies of a work by

way of rental, lease, hire, loan or similar arrangement and "distributing" has a corresponding

meaning;

"dramatic work" includes a work of dance or mime;

"educational establishment" means any school, college or other educational body designated by the

Minister by order either specifically or by reference to a class, for the purposes of this Act;

"exclusive licence" means a licence in writing signed by or on behalf of the owner of copyright in a

work authorizing the licensee, to the exclusion of all other persons, including the person granting

the licence, to exercise a right which would otherwise exercisable exclusively by the owner of the

"exclusive recording contract" means a contract between a performer and another person under

which that person is entitled, to the exclusion of all other persons, including the performer, to make

recordings of one or more of his performances with a view to their being shown or played in public,

sold, let for hire or otherwise commercially exploited;

"film" means a recording on any medium from which a moving image may by any means be

produced;

"future copyright" means copyright which will or may come into existence in respect of any future

work or class of works or on the occurrence of a future event, and "prospective owner" shall be

construed accordingly and, in relation to any such copyright, includes a person prospectively

entitled thereto by virtue of such an agreement as is mentioned in section 24:

"graphic work" includes -

(a) any painting, drawing, diagram, map, chart, or plan; and

(b) any engraving, etching, lithograph, wood cut or similar work;

"illicit recording" in relation to a performance means a recording wherever made, the making of

which constitutes an infringement of the rights conferred on the performer or a person having

recording rights in relation to the performance pursuant to Part IX, and which does not fall within

any of the exceptions specified in or authorized pursuant to any provision of that Part;

"infringing copy" in relation to a protected work means-

(a) any copy of the work, the making of which is not authorized under or by virtue of any provision

of this Act;

(b) any copy of the work that is or is proposed to be imported into Jamaica and its making in

Jamaica would have constituted an infringement of the copyright in the work in question or a breach

of an exclusive licence agreement relating to that work;

"literary work" means any work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or

sung, and accordingly includes-

(a) a written table or compilation;

(b) a computer program;

"manuscript" in relation to a work, means the original document embodying the work whether

written by hand or not;

"musical work" means a work consisting of music, exclusive of any words or action intended to be

sung, spoken or performed with the music;

"performer" means any actor, singer musician, dancer or other person who acts, sings, depicts,

delivers, declaims, plays in or otherwise performs, a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work; and

references to the performer in the context of the person having performer's rights, shall be construed

to include references to the person who, pursuant to any provision of this Act, is for the time being

entitled to exercise those rights;

"performance" in relation to-

(a) the rights conferred under Part IX, means-

(i) a dramatic performance which includes dance and mime;

(ii) a musical performance; or

(iii) a reading or recitation of a literary work;

(iv) a performance of a variety act or any similar presentation,

that is, or to the extent that it is, a live performance, given by one or more individuals; and

(b) copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work includes-

(i)delivery in the case of lectures, addresses. speeches and sermons;

(ii)any mode of visual acoustic presentation, including presentation by means of a sound recording,

film, broadcast or cable programme of the work;

"person having recording rights" in relation to a performance means a person who-

(a)is a party to, and has the benefit of, an exclusive recording contract to which the performance is

subject or to whom the benefit of such a contract has been assigned; and

(b)is a qualified person, so, however, that, where a performance is subject to an exclusive recording

contract but the person mentioned in paragraph (a) is not a qualified person, the expression shall be

deemed to extend to any qualified person who is licensed by the person mentioned in paragraph (a)

to make recordings of the performance with a view to their being shown or played in public, sold,

let for hire or otherwise commercially exploited or to whom the benefit of such a licence has been

assigned;

"photograph" means a recording of light or other radiation on any medium on which an image is

produced or from which an image may by any means be produced, and which is not part of a film;

"place of public entertainment" includes any premises which are from time to time made available

for hire to such persons as may desire to hire them for purposes of public entertainment. including

premises that are occupied mainly for other purposes;

"prospective owner" has the meaning assigned to it in the definition of "future copyright";

"publication" and "commercial publication" have the meaning assigned to those expressions,

respectively, by section 3;

"published edition" in relation to copyright in the typographical arrangement of a published edition,

means the published edition of the whole or any part of one or more literary, dramatic, musical or

artistic works;

"qualified person"-

(a) in the case of an individual. means a person who is a citizen of, or whose habitual residence is

in, Jamaica or a specified country; and

(b) in the case of a body corporate, means a body incorporated or established under any written law

of Jamaica or a specified country;

"qualifying performance" means a performance that-

(a) is given by an individual who is a qualified person; or

(b) takes place in Jamaica or a specified country;

"record" means any disc, tape, perforated rail or other device in which sounds are embodied so as to

be capable of being reproduced therefrom, other than a soundtrack associated with a film, but

includes, in relation to a performance, a film incorporating the performance;

"recording" in relation to a performance means a film or sound recording-

(a) made directly from the live performance;

(b) made from a broadcast of, or cable programme including, the performance; or

"rental" means any arrangement under which a copy of a work is made available-

(a) for payment in money or money's worth; or

(b) in the course of a business, as part of services or amenities for which payment is made, on terms

that it will or may be returned;

"reprographic process" means a process-

(a) for making facsimile copies; or

(b) involving the use of an appliance for making multiple copies, and, in relation to a work held in

electronic form, includes any copying by electronic means, but does not include the making of a

film or sound recording;

"sculpture" includes a cast or model made for purposes of sculpture;

"sound recording" means-

(a) a recording of sounds from which sounds may be reproduced; or

(b) a recording of the whole or any part of a literary, dramatic or musical work from which sounds

reproducing the work or part may be produced, regardless of the medium on which the recording is

made or the method by which the sounds are reproduced or produced;

"specified country" means a country specified by the Minister by order pursuant to section 144;

"telecommunications system" means a system for conveying visual images, sounds or other

information by electronic means;

"typeface" includes an ornamental motif used in printing;

"unauthorized" when used to describe any act done in relation to a work, means-

(a) if copyright subsists in the work, done otherwise than by or with the licence of the owner of the

(b) if copyright does not subsist in the work, done otherwise than by or with the licence of the

author or person lawfully claiming under him;

"wireless telegraphy" means the sending of electromagnetic energy over paths not provided by a

material substance constructed or arranged for that purpose;

"work" means-

(a) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work;

(b) a sound recording, film, broadcast or cable programme;

and accordingly "protected work" means a work of any of such categories in which copyright

subsists by virtue of this Act;

"work of joint authorship" means a work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in

which the contribution of each author is not separate from the contribution of the other author or

authors;

"writing" includes any form of notation, whether by hand or by printing, typewriting or any other

process and regardless of the method by which or the medium in or on which it is recorded, and

"written" shall be construed accordingly.

(2) References in this Act to the time at which, or the period during which, a work was made are

references to the time or period at or during which it was first written down, recorded or expressed

in some other material form.

3. Publication.

3. (1) Subject to the following provisions of this section, for the purposes of this Act publication in

relation to a work means the issue of copies of the work to the public (whether by way of sale or

otherwise) including, where the work is a literary, musical, dramatic or artistic work, the making

available of copies to the public by means of an electronic retrieval system; and all related

expressions shall be construed accordingly.

(2) References in this Act to the issue to the public of copies of a work are to the act of putting into

circulation copies not previously put into circulation in Jamaica or elsewhere, and not to-

(a) any subsequent distribution, sale, hiring or loan of those copies; or

(b) any subsequent importation of those copies into Jamaica,

except that in relation to sound recordings, films and computer programs, the act of issuing copies

to the public includes any rental of copies to the public.

(3) For the purposes of this Act "commercial publication" in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical

or artistic work means-

(a) issuing copies of the work to the public at a time when copies made in advance of the receipt of

orders are generally available to the public; or

(b) making the work available to the public by means of an electronic retrieval system, and related

expressions shall be construed accordingly.

(4) In the case of a work of architecture in the form of a building or an artistic work incorporated in

a building, construction of the building shall be treated as equivalent to publication of the work.

(5) The following do not constitute publication for the purposes of this Act-

(a) in case of a literary, dramatic or musical work-

(i) the performance of the work; or

(ii) the broadcasting of the work or its inclusion in a cable programme service (otherwise than for

the purposes of an electronic retrieval system);

(b) in the case of an artistic work-

(i) the exhibition of the work;

(ii) the issue to the public of copies of a graphic work representing, or of photographs of a work of

architecture in the form of a building or a model for a building, a sculpture or a work of artistic

craftsmanship;

(iii) the issue to the public of copies of a film including the work; or

(iv) the broadcasting of the work or its inclusion in a cable programme service (otherwise than for

the purposes of an electronic retrieval system);

(i) the playing or showing of the work in public; or

(ii) the broadcasting of the work or its inclusion in a cable programme service.

(6) A publication that is merely colourable and is not intended to satisfy the reasonable

requirements of the public shall be disregarded for the purposes of this Act except in so far as it may

constitute an infringement of copyright or rights conferred on performers or persons having

recording rights or may constitute an offence under this Act.

(7) For the purposes of this Act, a publication in Jamaica or in any other country shall not be treated

as being other than the first publication by reasons only of an earlier publication elsewhere, if the

two publications took place within a period of not more than thirty days.

(8) In determining, for the purposes of any provision of this Act-

(a) whether a work has been published;

(b) whether a publication of a work was the first publication of the work; or

unauthorized publication or the doing of any other unauthorized act shall be disregarded.

4. Lawful reception of broadcast.

4. (1) In relation to the broadcast of a work, an encrypted transmission shall be regarded as capable

of being lawfully received by members of the public only if decoding equipment has been made

available to members of the public by or with the authority of the person making the transmission or

the person providing the contents of the transmission.

(2) References in this Act to the person making a broadcast, broadcasting a work or including a

work in a broadcast are references-

(a) to the person transmitting the programme, to the extent that he has responsibility for its contents;

and

(b) to any person providing the programme who makes with the person transmitting it, the

arrangements necessary for its transmission, and references in this Act to a programme, in the

context of broadcasting, are to any item included in a broadcast.

5. Requirements for protection.

5. (1) Unless otherwise specifically provided in this Act, copyright shall not subsist in any work

unless it satisfies the requirements specified in this Part as respects-

(a) the category of work; and

(b) either-

(i) the qualification of the author; or

(ii) the country or place of first publication, or in the case of a broadcast or cable programme, the

country or place where it is made or from which it is sent, as the case may be.

(2) If the requirements of this Part or of section 146 are once satisfied in respect of a work,

6. Category of eligible works.

6. (1) Copyright is a property right which, subject to the provisions of this section, may subsist in

the following categories of work-

(a) original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works;

(b) sound recordings, films, broadcasts or cable programmes;

irrespective of its quality or the purpose for which it was created.

(2) A literary, dramatic or musical work shall not be eligible for copyright protection unless it is

recorded in writing or otherwise; and any reference in this Act to the time at which a work is made

is a reference to the time at which it is so recorded.

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), it is immaterial whether the work is recorded by or with the

permission of the author; and where it is not recorded by the author, nothing in that subsection shall

affect the question whether copyright subsists in the record of the work as distinct from the work

recorded.

(4) Copyright shall not subsist in a sound recording or film which is, or to the extent that it is, a

copy taken from a previous sound recording or film.

(5) Copyright shall not subsist in a broadcast which infringes, or to the extent that it infringes, the

(6) Copyright shall not subsist in a cable programme -

(a) if it is included in a cable programme service by reception and immediate re-transmission of a

broadcast; or

(b) if it infringes, or to the extent that it infringes, the copyright in another cable programme or in a

broadcast.

(7) Copyright shall not subsist in the typographical arrangement of a published edition if, or to the

extent that it reproduces the typographical arrangement of a previous edition.

(8) Copyright protection does not extend to an idea, concept, process, principle, procedure, system

or discovery or things of a similar nature.

7. Qualification for protection: author.

7. (1) A work qualifies for copyright protection if the author was a qualified person at the material

time.

(2) A work of joint authorship qualifies for copyright protection if any of the authors satisfies the

requirement of subsection (1), so however, that, where a work qualifies for copyright protection

only under this section, only those authors who satisfy such requirement shall be taken into account

for the purposes of sections 9 and 22.

(3) In this section "the material time" means in relation to-

(a) an unpublished literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, when the work was made or, if the

work extended over a period, a substantial part of that period;

(b) a published literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work when the work was first published or, if

the author had died before that time, immediately before his death;

(d) a broadcast, when the broadcast was made;

(e) a cable programme, when the programme was included in a cable programme service;

(f) the typographical arrangement of a published edition, when the edition was first published.

8. Qualification for protection: place of publication, etc.

8. (1) A literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, a sound recording or film, or the typographical

arrangement of a published edition qualifies for copyright protection if, having regard to section 3,

it is first published in Jamaica or a specified country.

(2) A broadcast qualifies for copyright protection if it is made from a place in Jamaica or a specified

country by a broadcasting organization in possession of a valid licence granted to it under any law

in Jamaica or a specified country regulating broadcasting.

(3) A cable programme qualifies for copyright pro. section if it is sent from a place in Jamaica or in

a specified country in accordance with the law in force regulating transmission by cable.

9. Nature of copyright protection: economic and moral rights.

9. (1) By virtue of and subject to the provisions of this Act, the owner of the copyright in a work

shall have the exclusive right to do or to authorize other persons to do any of the following acts in

Jamaica-

(a) to copy the work;

(b) to issue copies of the work to the public;

programme, to play or show the work in public;

(d) to broadcast the work or include it in a cable programme service; or

(e) to make an adaptation of the work and, it relation to such adaptation, to do any or all of the

foregoing acts.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) references to the doing of any act in relation to any work

means the coin, of the act-

(a) in relation to the whole or any substantial part a the work; and

(b) either directly or indirectly, and it is immaterial whether any intervening acts themselves

infringe copyright.

(3) By virtue of and subject to the provisions of this Act-

(a) the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that is a protected work; or

(b) the director of a film that is a protected work, shall have in respect of such work, whether or not

he is the owner of the copyright in the work, the moral rights specified in Part III.

10. Duration of copyright in literary, etc. works.

10. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, copyright in any literary, dramatic, musical or

artistic work expires at the end of the period of fifty years from the end of the calender year in

which the author dies.

(2) Where the authorship of a work referred to in subsection (1) is unknown, copyright in that work

expires at the end of the period of fifty years from the end of the calender year in which it was first

made available to the public; and subsection (1) shall not apply if the identity of the author becomes

known after the end of that period.

(3) For the purpose of subsection (2), acts which constitute the making available of a work to the

public include-

(a) in relation to a literary, dramatic or musical work, the performance of the work in public or its

broadcast or inclusion in a cable programme service;

(b) in relation to an artistic work, the exhibition of the work in public or its incision in a film shown

to the public or in a broadcast or cable programme service, so, however, that in determining for the

purpose of this subsection whether a work has been made available to the public any unauthorized

act shall be disregarded.

(4) The provisions of subsections (1) and (2) shall not apply to computer-generated work, the

which the work was made.

(5) In relation to a work of joint authorship-

(a) the reference in subsection (1) to the death of the author shall be construed-

(i) where the identity of all the authors is known, as a reference to the death of the last of them to

die;

(ii) where the identity of one or more of the authors is known and the identity of one or more others

is not, as a reference to the death of the last of the authors whose identity is known; and

(b) the reference in subsection (2) to the identity of the author becoming known, shall he construed

as a reference to the identity of any of the authors becoming known.

(6) This section does not apply to copyright which subsists by virtue of section 146.

11. Duration of copyright in sound recordings and films.

11. (1) Copyright in a sound recording or film expires at the end of the period of fifty years from the

end of the calender year in which it was made or, where it is made available to the public before the

end of that period, fifty years from the end of the calender year in which it is so made available.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) a sound recording or film is made available to the public

when-

(a) it is first published, broadcast or included in a cable programme service;

(b) in the case of a film or film sound-track, the film is first shown in public, but in determining

whether a sound recording or film has been made available to the public, any unauthorized act shall

be disregarded.

12. Duration of copyright in broadcasts and cable programmes.

12. (1) Copyright in a broadcast or cable programme expires at the end of the period of fifty years

from the end of the calender year in which the broadcast was made or the programme included in a

cable programme service.

(2) Copyright in a repeat broadcast or a repeat cable programme expires at the same time as

respect of a repeat broadcast or a repeat cable programme which is broadcast or, as the case may be,

included in a cable programme service after the expiry of the copyright in the original broadcast or

cable programme.

(3) Reference in subsection (2) to a repeat broadcast or a repeat cable programme means one which

is a repeat of a broadcast previously made or, as the case may be, of a cable programme previously

included in a cable programme service.

13. Duration of copyright in typographical arrangement of editions.

13. Copyright in the typographical arrangement of a published edition expires at the end of the

period of twenty-five years from the end of the calender year in which the edition was first

published.

14. Right to be identified as author, etc.

14. (1) Subject to subsection (9) and to such exceptions as may be specified in or pursuant to any

other provision of this Act, the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that is a

protected work and the director of a film that is a protected work have, respectively, the right to be

identified as the author or, as the case may be, director of the work in the circumstances specified in

this section.

(2) The author of a literary work (other than words intended to be sung or spoken with music) or a

dramatic work has the right to be identified as such whenever-

(a) the work or an adaptation thereof is published commercially, performed in public, broadcast or

included in a cable programme service; or

(b) copies of a film or sound recording including the work or an adaptation thereof are issued to the

public.

(3) The author of a musical work or a literary work consisting of words intended to be sung or

spoken with music, has the right to be identified as such whenever-

(a) the work or an adaptation thereof is published commercially;

(b) copies of a sound recording of the work or an adaptation thereof are issued to the public; or

issued to the public.

(4) The author of an artistic work has the right to be identified as such whenever-

(a) the work is published commercially or exhibited in public or a visual image of it is broadcast or

included in a cable programme service;

(b) a film including a visual image of the work is shown in public or copies of such a film are issued

to the public; or

sculpture or a work of artistic craftsmanship, copies of a graphic work representing it or of a

photograph of it, are issued to the public.

(5) In addition to the right specified in paragraph (c) of subsection (4), the author of a work of

architecture in the form of a building has the right to be identified on the building as constructed or,

where more than one building is constructed to the design, on the first to be constructed.

(6) The director of a film has the right to be identified as such whenever the film is shown in public,

broadcast or included in a cable programme service or copies of the film are issued to the public.

(7) The right of an author or director under this section is-

(a) in the case of commercial publication or the issue to the public of copies of a film or sound

recording, to be identified in or on each copy or, if that is not appropriate, in some other manner

likely to bring his identity to the notice of a person acquiring a copy;

(b) in the case of identification on a building, to be identified by appropriate means visible to

persons entering or approaching the building; and

person seeing or hearing the performance, exhibition, film, broadcast or cable programme in

question, and the identification must, in each case, be clear and reasonably prominent.

(8) For the purposes of this section, any reasonable form of identification may be used.

(9) Except as may otherwise be explicitly provided by contract, the right conferred by this section

does not apply in relation to-

(a) a computer program, the design of a typeface or a computer-generated work;

(b) any work made for the purpose of reporting current events;

dictionary, yearbook or other collective work of reference, of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic

work made for the purposes of such publication or made available with the consent of the author for

purposes of such publication;

(d) a work in which copyright originally vested in an international organization by virtue of section

146, unless the author or director has previously been identified as such in or on published copies of

the work.

15. Right to object to, derogatory treatment of work.

15. (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3) and to such exceptions as may be specified in or pursuant

to any other provision of this Act, the author of a literary. dramatic, musical or artistic work that is a

protected work and the director of a film that is a protected work have, respectively, the right not to

have the work or any part thereof subjected to derogatory treatment; and such right is infringed by

any person who does any of the acts specified in section 37 in the circumstances so specified.

(2) The right does not apply in relation to-

(a) a computer program or to a computer-generated work;

(b) fair dealing with any work made for the purpose of reporting current events;

dictionary, yearbook or other collective work of reference, of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic

work made for the purposes of such publication, or made available with the consent of the author

for the purposes of such publication, subject, in any particular case, to any agreement excluding the

operation of the foregoing provisions of this paragraph to that case;

(d) any subsequent publication elsewhere of such work as is referred to in paragraph (c), subject to

any such agreement as is referred to in that paragraph.

(3) The right does not apply to anything done by or with the authority of the copyright owner in

relation to works in which copyright originally vested in an international organization by virtue of

section 146 unless the author or director-

(a) is identified at the time of the relevant act; or

(b) has previously been identified in or on published copies of the work, and where in such a case

the right does apply, it is not infringed if there is a sufficient disclaimer.

(4) In this section-

(a) "derogatory treatment" in relation to a work means any addition to, deletion from, alteration to

or adaptation of the work (not being a translation of a literary or dramatic work or an arrangement

or transcription of a musical work involving no more than a change of key or register) which

amounts to a distortion or mutilation of the work, or is otherwise prejudicial to the honour or

reputation of the author or director, as the case may be; and

(b) "sufficient disclaimer" means a clear and reasonably prominent indication-

(i) given at the time of the act; and

(ii) if the author or director is then identified, appearing along with the identification,

that the work has been subjected to treatment to which the author or director has not consented.

16. False attribution of work.

16. (1) A person has the right-

(a) not to have a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work falsely attributed to him as author; and

(b) not to have a film falsely attributed to him as director, and in this section "attribution", in

relation to such work, means a statement, whether express or implied, as to the identity of the author

or director.

(2) The right conferred by subsection (1) is infringed in the circumstances specified in section 40.

17. Right to privacy of photographs and films.

17. (1) Subject to section 41, a person who for private and domestic purposes commissions the

taking of a photograph or the making of a film has, where the resulting work is a protected work,

the right not to have-

(a) copies of the work issued to the public;

(b) the work exhibited or shown in public; or

18. Duration of moral rights and related rights.

18. (1) The rights conferred by sections 14, 15 and 17 subsists so long as copyright subsists in the

work.

(2) The right conferred by section 16 subsists until the end of the period of twenty years from the

end of the calender year in which the person dies.

19. Consent and waiver of rights.

19. (1) A person having a right conferred under this Part may consent to the doing of any act

affecting such right or may waive the right.

(2) A right to which subsection (1) refers may be waived by instrument in writing signed by the

person giving up the right, and the waiver-

(a) may relate to works generally or to a specific work or class of works and may relate to existing

or future works; and

(b) may be conditional or unconditional and may be expressed to be subject to revocation.

(3) Where a waiver is made in favour of the owner or prospective owner of the copyright in the

work or works to which it relates, it shall be presumed to extend to his licensees and successors in

title, unless a contrary intention is expressed.

(4) Nothing in this Part shall be construed as excluding the operation of the general law of contract

or estoppel in relation to an informal waiver or other transaction in relation to any of the rights to

which this Part relates.

20. Application of provisions to joint works.

20. (1) The right conferred under section 14 is, in the case of a work of joint authorship, a right of

each joint author to be identified as a joint author.

(2) The right conferred by section 15 is, in the case of a work of joint authorship, a right of each

joint author and his right is satisfied if he consents to the treatment in question.

(3) A waiver of rights under section 19 by one joint author does not affect the rights of the other

joint authors.

(4) Subsections (1), (2) and (3) also apply, with such modifications as are necessary, in relation to a

film which was, or is alleged to have been, jointly directed as they apply to a work which is, or

alleged to be, a work of joint authorship; and for the purpose of this subsection, a film is "jointly

directed" if it is made by the collaboration of two or more directors and the contribution of each

director is not distinct from that of the other director or directors.

(5) The right conferred by section 17 is, in the case of a work made in pursuance of a joint

commission, a right of each person who commissioned the making of the work, so that-

(a) the right of each is satisfied if he consents to the act in question; and

(b) a waiver under section 19 by one of them does not affect the rights of the others.

21. Application of provisions to parts of work.

21. (1) The rights conferred by-

(a) sections 14 and 17 apply in relation to the whole or any substantial part of a work; and

(b) sections 15 and 16 apply in relation to the whole or any part of a work.

22. Ownership of copyright.

22. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the author of a protected work is the first owner of

any copyright in that work unless there is an agreement to the contrary.

(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to copyright subsisting in a work pursuant to section 146.

(3) Where a protected work is a work of joint authorship the authors thereof shall be co-owners of

the copyright in that work.

23. Assignment and licences.

23. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, copyright in a work may be transferred as personal

or moveable property by-

(a) assignment;

(b) testamentary disposition; or

effective unless it is in writing and signed by or on behalf of the assignor.

(2) An assignment or other transfer of copyright may be partial, that is to say, limited so as to apply-

(a) to one or more, but not all, of the things the owner of the copyright has the exclusive right to do;

(b) to part, but not the whole, of the period for which copyright subsists.

(3) A licence granted by the owner of copyright in a work shall be binding on every successor in

title to his interest in copyright except a purchaser in good faith for valuable consideration and

without notice (actual or constructive) of the licence or a person deriving title from such a

purchaser; and references in this Act to doing anything with or without the licence of the owner of

the copyright shall be construed accordingly.

24. Prospective ownership of copyright.

24. (1) Where by an agreement made in relation to future copyright, and signed by or on behalf of

the prospective owner of the copyright, the prospective owner purports to assign the future

persons to require the copyright to be vested in him, the copyright shall vest in the assignee or his

successor in title by virtue of this subsection.

(2) A licence granted by a prospective owner of copyright is binding on every successor in title to

his interest (or prospective interest) in the right, except a purchaser in good faith for valuable

consideration and without notice (actual or constructive) of the licence or a person deriving title

from such a purchaser; and references in this Act to doing anything with or without the licence of

the copyright owner shall be construed accordingly.

25. Exclusive licence.

25. The licensee under an exclusive licence has the same rights against a successor in title who is

bound by the licence as he has against the person granting the licence.

26. Copyright in unpublished manuscript passes under will.

26. Where under a bequest (whether specific or general) a person is entitled, beneficially or

otherwise, to-

(a) an original document or other material thing that records or embodies a literary, dramatic,

musical or artistic work which was not published before the death of the testator; or

(b) an original material thing containing a sound recording or film which was not published before

the death of the testator, then, unless a contrary intention is indicated in the testator's will or a

codicil to it, the bequest shall be construed as including the copyright in the work in so far as the

testator was the owner of the copyright immediately before his death.

27. Moral rights, etc. not assignable.

27. The rights conferred under Part III are not assignable.

28. Transmission of moral rights, etc. on death.

28.(1) on the death of a person entitled to the right conferred by section 14, 15 or 17-

(a) the right passes to such person as he may by testamentary disposition specifically direct; or

(b) if there is no such direction but the copyright in the work in question forms part of his estate, the

right passes to the person to whom the copyright passes, and if, or to the extent that, the right does

not pass under paragraph (a) or (b), it is exercisable by his personal representatives.

(2) Where copyright forming part of a person's estate passes in part to one person and in part to

another, any right which passes with the copyright by virtue of subsection (1) is correspondingly

divided.

(3) Where by virtue of paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1) a right becomes exercisable by more

than one person, then-

(a) where the right is conferred by section 15 or 17, it is a right exercisable by each of them and is

satisfied in relation to any of them if he consents to the treatment or act in question; and

(b) any waiver of the right in accordance with section 19 by one of them does not affect the rights of

the others.

(4) A consent or waiver previously given binds any person to whom a right passes by virtue of

subsection (1).

(5) Any infringement after a person's death of the right conferred by section 16 is actionable by his

personal representatives.

(6) Any damages recovered by personal representatives by virtue of this section in respect of an

infringement after a person's death shall devolve as part of his estate as if the right of action had

subsisted and been vested in him immediately before his death.

29. Meaning of "action"

29. In this Part "action" includes a counterclaim and references to the plaintiff and to the defendant

in an action shall be construed accordingly.

30. Provisions of Part subject to other provisions.

30. This Part shall have effect subject to such provisions of this Act as-

(a) authorize the doing of specified acts in relation to a protected work; or

(b) provide for the licensing of a protected work.

31. Acts infringing copyright.

31.(1) The copyright in a work is infringed by any person who, without the licence of the copyright

owner, does, in relation to that work, any of the acts which the copyright owner has the exclusive

right to do pursuant to section 9.

(2) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, without the licence of the copyright owner,

imports into Jamaica for any purpose other than for his private and domestic use, an article which

he knows or has reason to believe is, an infringing copy of the work.

(3) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, without the licence of the copyright owner-

(a) possesses in the course of a business;

(b) sells or lets for hire or offers or exposes for sale or hire;

(d) distributes otherwise than in the course of a business, to such an extent as to affect prejudicially

the owner of the copyright, an article which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe is an

infringing copy of the work.

(4) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, without the licence of the copyright owner-

(a) makes;

(b) imports into Jamaica;

(d) sells or lets for hire or offers for sale or hire, an article specifically designed or adapted for

making copies of that work, knowing or having reason to believe that it is to be used to make

infringing copies.

(5) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, without the licence of the copyright owner,

transmits the work by means of a telecommunications system (otherwise than by broadcasting or

inclusion in a cable programme service) knowing or having reason to believe that infringing copies

of the work will be made by means of the reception of the transmission in Jamaica or elsewhere.

(6) Where the copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work is infringed by a performance at a

place of public entertainment, any person who gave permission for that place to be used for the

performance is also liable for the infringement unless when he gave permission he believed on

reasonable grounds that the performance would not infringe copyright.

(7) Where copyright in a work is infringed by a public performance of the work or by the playing or

showing of the work in public by means of apparatus for playing sound recordings or showing films

or receiving visual images or sounds conveyed by electronic means, the persons specified in

subsection (8) are also liable for the infringement.

(8) The persons referred to in subsection (7) are-

(a) a person who supplied the apparatus or any substantial part of it, if when he supplied the

apparatus or part-

(i) he knew or had reason to believe that the apparatus was likely to be so used as to infringe

(ii) in the case of apparatus whose normal use involves a public performance, playing or showing,

he did not believe on reasonable grounds that it would not be so used as to infringe copyright;

(b) an occupier of premises who gave permission for the apparatus to be brought onto the premises,

if when he gave permission he knew or had reason to believe that the apparatus was likely to be so

used as to infringe copyright; and

supplied it he knew or had reason to believe that what he supplied or a copy made directly or

indirectly from it, was likely to be so used as to infringe copyright.

32. Action by owner of copyright.

32.(1) An infringement of copyright shall be actionable at the suit of the copyright owner; and,

subject to the provisions of this section, in any action for such an infringement all such relief by

way of damages, injunction, accounts or otherwise, shall be available to the plaintiff as is available

in respect of the infringement of other proprietary rights.

(2) Where in an action under this section an infringement of copyright is proved or admitted the

court, having regard to any benefit accruing to the defendant by reason of the infringement, to the

flagrancy of the infringement and to all other material considerations, shall have power to award

such additional damages as the court may consider appropriate in the circumstances.

(3) Where in an action for infringement of copyright it is shown that at the time of the infringement

the defendant did not know and had no reason to believe that copyright subsisted in the work to

which the action relates, then, the plaintiff is not entitled to damages against him, but without

prejudice to any other remedy.

33. Order for delivery up in civil proceedings.

33.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section and section 35 (6), where a person-

(a) in the course of his business has an infringing copy of a work in his possession, custody or

control; or

(b) has in his possession, custody or control an article specifically designed or adapted for making

copies of a particular protected work, knowing or having reason to believe that it has been or is

being used to make infringing copies, the copyright owner may apply to the court for an order that

the infringing copy or article be delivered up to him or to such other person as the court may direct.

(2) An application under subsection (1) shall not be made after the end of the period specified in

section 138 (1); and no order shall be made unless the court also makes, or it appears to the court

that there are grounds for making, an order under section 137 for the disposal of the infringing copy

or article, as the case may be.

(3) A person to whom an infringing copy or other article is delivered up pursuant to an order made

under this section shall, if an order under section 137 is not made, retain it pending the making of an

order or the decision not to make an order, under that section.

34. Infringement of rights of exclusive licensee.

34. An exclusive licensee has, except against the copyright owner, the same rights and remedies in

respect of matters occurring after the grant of the licence as if the licence had been an assignment.

35. Infringement where rights concurrent.

35.(1) The rights and remedies of an exclusive licensee are concurrent with those of the copyright

owner and references in the relevant provisions of this Act to the copyright owner shall be

construed accordingly.

(2) In an action brought by an exclusive licence by virtue of this section, a defendant may avail

himself of any defence which would have been available to him if the action had been brought by

the copyright owner.

(3) Where an action for infringement of copyright is brought by the copyright owner or by an

exclusive licensee, and the action relates (wholly or partly) to an infringement in respect of which

they have concurrent rights of action, the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee, as the case may

be, shall not be entitled, except with the leave of the Court, to proceed with action, unless the other

party is either joined as a plaintiff in the action or added as a defendant; but this subsection shall not

affect the granting of an interlocutory injunction on the application of either of them.

(4) A copyright owner or exclusive licensee who is added as a defendant in pursuance of subsection

(2) is not liable for any costs in the action unless he takes part in the proceedings.

(5) Where an action for infringement of copyright is brought which relates (wholly or partly) to an

infringement in respect of which the copyright owner and an exclusive licensee have or had

concurrent rights of action, then, whether or not the copyright owner and the exclusive licensee are

both parties to the action, the court-

(a) shall, in assessing damages take into account the terms of the licence and any pecuniary remedy

already awarded or available to either of them in respect of the infringement;

(b) shall not direct an account of profits if an award of damages has been made or an account of

profits has been directed in favour of the other of them in respect of the infringement; and

considers just, subject to any agreement between them.

(6) The copyright owner shall notify any exclusive licensee having concurrent rights before

applying under section 33 for an order for the delivery up of infringing copies of a work, and the

court may, on the application of the licensee, having regard to the terms of the licence, make such

order under section 33 as it thinks fit.

36. Infringement of right to be identified as author or director.

36.(1) Subject to subsection (2), the right concurred by section 14 is infringed by any person who

fails to identify the author of a work or the director of a film whenever any action specified in that

section occurs in relation to that work or film.

(2) The following acts shall not constitute an infringement of the right conferred by section 14 in

relation to a work to the extent that such acts are permitted under Part VI in relation to the work-

(a) fair dealing with the work for the purposes of criticism, review or the reporting of current events

by means of a sound recording, film, broadcast or cable programme;

(b) the incidental inclusion of the work in an artistic work, sound recording, film, broadcast or cable

programme;

(d) acts done for the purposes of parliamentary of judicial proceedings or proceedings of a statutory

inquiry;

(e) the use of design documents and models;

(f) the use of a design derived from artistic work;

(g) acts permitted in relation to anonymous or pseudonymous works on the assumption that

37. Infringement of right to object to derogatry treatment of work.

37.(1) The right conferred on an author and a director by section 15 to object to derogatory

treatment of his work is infringed where the acts described in subsections (2) to (5) are done in

relation to that work; and for the purposes of this Part, "derogatory treatment" has the same meaning

as that specified in section 15 (4).

(2) In the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the right is infringed by a person who-

(a) publishes commercially, performs in public, broadcasts or includes in a cable programme

service, a derogatory treatment of the work; or

(b) issues to the public copies of a film or sound recording of or including a derogatory treatment of

the work.

(3) In the case of an artistic work, the right is infringed by a person who-

(a) publishes commercially or exhibits in public a derogatory treatment of the work, or broadcasts

or includes in a cable programme service a visual image of a derogatory treatment of the work;

(b) shows in public a film including a visual image of a derogatory treatment of the work or issues

to the public copies of such a film; or

sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship, issues to the public copies of a graphic work

representing, or of a photograph of, a derogatory treatment of the work.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply to a work of architecture in the form of a building; but where the

author of such a work is identified on the building and it is the subject of derogatory treatment, he

has the right to require the identification to be removed.

(5) In the case of a film, the right is infringed by a person who-

(a) shows in public, broadcasts or includes in a cable programme service a derogatory treatment of

the film; or

(b) issues to the public copies of a derogatory treatment of the film,

or who, along with the film, plays in public, broadcasts or includes in a cable programme service, or

issues to the public copies of, a derogatory treatment of the film sound-track.

38. Infringement by possession of infringing article.

38.(1) The right conferred by section 15 is also infringed by a person who-

(a) possesses in the course of a business; or

(b) sells or lets for hire or offers or exposes for sale or lure; or

(d) distributes otherwise than in the course of a business, so as to affect prejudicially the honour or,

reputation of the author or director, an article which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe

is an infringing article.

(2) An "infringing article" means a work or a cop, of a work which-

(a) has been subjected to derogatory treatment a. defined in section 15; and

(b) has been or is likely to be the subject of any of the acts mentioned in sections 37 and 38 in

circumstances infringing that right.

39. Acts not infringing section 15.

39.(1) The right conferred by section 15 is not infringed by any act done for the purpose of -

(a) avoiding the commission of an offence; or

(b) complying with a duty imposed by or under an enactment, so, however, that, where the author or

director is identified at the time of the relevant act or has previously been identified or on published

copies of the work, there shall be a sufficient disclaimer.

(2) In subsection (1) "sufficient disclaimer" means a clear and reasonably prominent indication-

(a) given at the time of the act; and

(b) if the author or director is then identified, appearing along with the identification,

that the work has been subjected to treatment to which the author or director has not consented.

40. False attribution of work: infringement of right.

40.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the right conferred on a person by section 16 not to

have a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work falsely attributed to him as author or a film falsely

attributed to him as director, is infringed by a person who-

(a) issues to the public copies of a work of any of those descriptions in or on which there is a false

attribution;

(b) exhibits in public an artistic work or a copy of an artistic work in or on which there is a false

attribution.

(2) The right is also infringed by a person who-

(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, performs the work in public, broadcasts it or

includes it in a cable programme service as being the work of a person; or

(b) in the case of a film, shows it in public, broadcasts it or includes it in a cable programme service

as being directed by a person, knowing or having reason to believe that the attribution is false.

(3) The right is also infringed by any person who issues to the public or displays in public any

material containing a false attribution in connection with any act referred to in subsection (1) or (2).

(4) The right is also infringed by a person who, in the course of a business-

(a) possesses or deals with a copy of a work referred to in subsection (1) in or on which there is a

false attribution; or

(b) in the case of an artistic work, possesses or deals with the work itself when there is a false

attribution in or on it, knowing or having reason to believe that there is an attribution and that it is

false.

(5) In the case of an artistic work, the right is also infringed by a person who in the course of a

business-

(a) deals with a work which has been altered after the author parted with possession of it as being

the unaltered work of the author; or

(b) deals with a copy of such a work as being a copy of the unaltered work of the author,

knowing or having reason to believe that such is not the case.

(6) References in this section to dealing are to selling or letting for hire, offering or exposing for

sale or hire exhibiting in public or distributing.

(7) This section applies where a work is falsely represented as being an adaptation of the work of a

person as it applies where the work is falsely attributed to a person as author.

41. Infringement of privacy right respecting photographs, etc.

41. The right conferred by section 17 in relation to a commissioned photograph or film is infringed

by a person who does or authorizes the doing of any act mentioned in that section in relation to that

work; but the right is not infringed by any act which, pursuant to Part VI, would not infringe

42. Effect of consent and waiver or rights.

42. It is not an infringement of any right conferred by section 14, 15, 16 or 17 to do any act to which

the person entitled to the right has consented pursuant to section 19 or in respect of which he has

given a waiver pursuant to that section.

43. Remedies for infringing moral rights, etc.

43.(1) The infringement of a right conferred under section 14, 15, 16 or 17 is actionable as a breach

of statutory duty owed to the person entitled to the right.

(2) In an action for infringement of the right conferred by section 15, the court may, if it thinks it an

adequate remedy in the circumstances, grant an injunction on terms prohibiting the doing of any act

unless a disclaimer is made on such terms and in such manner as may be approved by the court,

dissociating the author or director from the treatment of the work.

(3) Where in any action an infringement of a right referred to in subsection (1) is proved or

admitted, the court may order the defendant to publish such correction in such terms and in such

manner as the court may direct.

44. Presumptions where action relates to literary works, etc.

44(1) In an action brought by virtue of this Part with respect to a literary, dramatic, musical or

artistic work, the presumptions specified in this section shall apply.

(2) Where a name purporting to be that of the author appeared on the work when it was made or on

copies of the work as published, it shall be presumed that the person whose name appeared is the

author of the work and also the owner of the copyright in the work, until the contrary is proved.

(3) In the case of a work alleged to be a work of joint authorship, subsection (2) applies in relation

to each person alleged to be one of the authors.

(4) Where no name purporting to be that of the author appeared as mentioned in subsection (2) but-

(a) pursuant to section 8 (1), the work qualifies for copyright protection by virtue of the country of

first publication; and

(b) a name purporting to be that of the publisher appeared on the copies of the work as first

published, then, it shall be presumed that the person whose name appeared was the owner of

(5) Where the author of the work is dead or where the identity of the author cannot be ascertained

by reasonable inquiry, it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved-

(a) that the work is an original work; and

(b) that the plaintiff's allegations as to what was the first publication of the world and as to the

country of first publication are correct.

45. Presumptions where action relates to sound recordings, films or computer programs.

45.(1) In an action brought by virtue of this Part with respect to a sound recording, film or computer

program, the presumptions specified in this section shall apply.

(2) In an action brought by virtue of this Part with respect to a sound recording, where copies of the

recording as issued to the public bear a label or other mark stating-

(a) that a named person was the owner of copyright in the recording at the date of issue of the

copies; or

(b) that the recording was first published in a specified year or in a named country,

the label or mark shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be

correct until the contrary is proved.

(3) In an action brought by virtue of this Part with respect to a film, where copies of the film as

issued to the public bear a statement-

(a) that a named person was the author or director of the film;

(b) that a named person was the owner of copyright in the film at the date of issue of the copies; or

the statement shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct

until the contrary is proved.

(4) In an action brought by virtue of this Part with respect to a computer program, where copies of

the program are issued to the public in electronic form bearing a statement-

(a) that a named person was the owner of copyright in the program at the date of issue of the copies;

(B) that the program was first published in a named country or that copies of it were first issued to

the public in electronic form in a specified year, the statement shall be admissible as evidence of the

facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is proved.

(5) The presumptions specified in subsections (2), (3) and (4) apply equally in an action relating to

an infringement alleged to have occurred before the date on which the copies were issued to the

public.

(6) In an action brought by virtue of this Part with respect to a film, where the film as shown in

public, broadcast or included in a cable programme service bears a statement-

(a) that a named person was author or director of the film; or

(b) that a named person was the owner of copyright in the film immediately after it was made, the

statement shall be admissible as evidence of the facts stated and shall be presumed to be correct

until the contrary is proved; and the presumption applies equally in an action relating to an

infringement alleged to have occurred before the date on which the film was shown in public,

broadcast or included in a cable programme service.

46. Penalties in respect of dealings which infringe copyright.

46.(1) Any person who at a time when copyright in a work subsists by virtue of this Act-

(a) makes for sale or hire; or

(b) in the course of a business sells or lets for hire, or offers or exposes for sale or hire, exhibits in

public or distributes; or

(d) distributes otherwise than in the course of a business to such an extent as to affect prejudicially

the owner of the copyright,

any article which he knows or has reason to believe is an infringing copy of that work, commits an

offence.

(2) Any person who, at the time when copyright subsists in a work by virtue of this Act, makes or

has in his possession an article specifically designed or adapted for making copies of that work,

knowing that it is to be used for making infringing copies for sale or hire or for use in the course of

business, commits an offence.

(3) Any person who causes-

(a) a literary, dramatic or musical work done to be performed in public; or

(b) a sound recording or film to be played, or as the case may be, shown in public,

(otherwise than by reception of a broadcast or cable programme) knowing or having reason to

believe that copy. right subsists in the work and that the performance, playing or showing, as the

case may be, constitutes an infringement of the copyright, commits an offence.

(4) Any person who is guilty of an offence uncle subsection (1) shall be liable-

(a) on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding one hundred

thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both such fine and

imprisonment;

(b) on conviction before a Circuit Court to a fine or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five

years or to both such fine and imprisonment.

(5) Any person who is guilty of an offence under this section, other than an offence under

subsection (1), shall be liable-

(a) on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand

dollar; or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to both such fine and imprisonment;

(b) on conviction before a Circuit Court to a fine of to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three

years or to both such fine and imprisonment.

47. Presumptions not to apply.

47. The presumptions specified in sections 44 and 45 do not apply to proceedings for an offence

under section 46, but without prejudice to their application to proceedings for an order under section

48.

48. Order to deliver up in criminal proceedings.

48.(1) Subject to subsection (2), the court before which proceedings are brought against a person for

an offence under section 46 may, if it is satisfied that at the time of his arrest or charge-

(a) he had in his possession, custody or control in the course of a business an infringing copy of a

protected work; or

(b) he had in his possession, custody or control an article specifically designed or adapted for

making copies of a particular protected work knowing or having reason to believe that it had been

or was to be used to make infringing copies, order that the infringing copy or article be delivered up

to the copyright owner or to such other person as the court may direct.

(2) An order may be made by the court of its own motion or on the application of the prosecution

and may be made whether or not the person is convicted of the offence, so, however, that the court

shall not make an order-

(a) after the time specified in section 138; or

(b) if it appears to the court unlikely that any order will be made under section 137.

(3) An appeal lies to the Court of Appeal from an order made under this section by a Resident

Magistrate's Court.

(4) A person to whom an infringing copy or other article is delivered up in pursuance of an order

under this section shall retain it pending the making of an order or the decision not to make an order

under section 137.

49. Application of provisions as to entry and search.

49. For the purposes of this Part, the provisions of sections 140 and 141 shall apply in respect of the

entry and search of any premises.

50. Provision for restricting importation of infringing copies.

50.(1) The owner of the copyright in any published literary, dramatic or musical work may give

notice in writing to the Commissioner of Customs-

(a) that he is the owner of the copyright in the work; and

(b) that he requests the Commissioner to treat as prohibited goods under the Customs Act, during a

period specified in the notice, printed copies of the work which are infringing copies.

(2) The period specified in a notice given under subsection (1) shall not exceed five years and shall

not extend beyond the end of the period for which the copyright may subsist.

(3) The owner of the copyright in a sound recording or film may give notice in writing to the

Commissioner of Customs-

(a) that he is the owner of the copyright in the work;

(b) that infringing copies of the work are expected to arrive in Jamaica at a time and a place

specified in the notice; and

(4) Subject to subsection (5), where a notice has been given in accordance with this section, the

importation into Jamaica of goods to which the notice relates is prohibited;

but notwithstanding anything contained in the Customs Act, a person it not liable to any penalty

under that Act other than forfeiture of the goods, by reason that any goods are treated as prohibited

goods by virtue of this section.

(5) The importation of any article by a person for his and domestic use is not prohibited under

subsection (4).

(6) A person giving a notice under this section shall-

(a) comply with such conditions as the Commissioner of Customs may by regulations prescribe; and

(b) satisfy such requirements as may be so prescribed in connection with the giving of the notice,

including requirements relating to-

(i) the form of the notice;

(ii) the furnishing of evidence, whether on giving notice, or on the importation of the goods, or at

both such times;

(iii) the payment of fees in respect of the notice;

(iv) the giving of security in respect of any liability or expense which the Commissioner may incur

in consequence of the notice by reason of the detention of any article or anything done to an article

detained;

(v) the idemnification of the Commissioner of Customs against any such liability or expenses,

whether security has been given or not; and

(vi) any incidental or supplementary matters, and the regulations may make different provisions as

respect different classes of case.

(7) Regulations made under subsection (6) shall be subject to negative resolution.

51. Definition of "sufficient acknowledgement"

51. For the purposes of this Part "sufficient acknowledgement" means an acknowledgement

identifying the work in question by its title or other description and identifying the author, unless-

(a) in the case of a published work, it is published anonymously or the author has agreed or required

that no acknowledgement of his name should be made;

(b) in the case of an unpublished work, it is not possible for a person to ascertain the identity of the

author by reasonable inquiry.

52. Research and private study.

52. Subject to section 54, fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the

purposes of research or private study does not infringe copyright in the work or, in the case of a

published edition, in the typographical arrangement.

53. Criticism, review and reporting.

53.(1) Subject to section 54-

(a) fair dealing with a protected work for the purposes of criticism or review of that or another work

or of a performance of a work; and

(b) fair dealing with a protected work (oilier than a photograph) for the purpose of reporting current

events, does not infringe copyright in the work so long as it is accompanied by a sufficient

acknowledgement.

(2) No acknowledgement is required in connection with the reporting of current events by means of

a sound recording, film, broadcast or cable programme.

54. Determining fair dealing.

54. For the purpose of determining whether an act done in relation to a work constitutes fair dealing

the court determining the question shall take account of all factors which appear to it to be relevant,

including-

(a) the nature of the work in question;

(b) the extent and substantiality of that part of the work affected by the act in relation to the whole

of the work;

(d) the effect of the act upon the potential market for, or the commercial value of, the work.

55. Incidental inclusion of protected world.

55. Copyright in a work is not infringed-

(a) by its incidental inclusion in an artistic work, sound recording, film, broadcast or cable

programme; or

(b) by the issue to the public of copies or the playing, showing, broadcasting or inclusion in a cable

programme service of anything whose making was not an infringement of copyright by virtue of

paragraph (a), and for the purposes of this section a musical work, words spoken or sung with

music, or so much of a sound recording, broadcast or cable programme as includes a musical work

or such words, shall not be regarded as incidentally included if it is deliberately included.

56. Acts done for purposes of instruction or examination.

56.(1) Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is not infringed by its being copied

in the course of instruction or of preparation for instruction, provided the copying is done by a

person giving or receiving instructions and is not by means of a reprographic process.

(2) Copyright in a sound recording, film, broadcast or cable programme is not infringed by its being

copied by making a film or film sound-track in the course of instruction, or of preparation for

instruction, in the making of films or film sound-tracks, provided the copying is done by a person

giving or receiving instruction.

(3) Copyright in a work is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of an examination by

way of setting the questions, communicating the questions to candidates or answering the questions.

57. Anthologies for educational use.

57.(1) The inclusion in a collection intended for use in educational establishments of a short passage

from a published literary or dramatic work does not infringe copyright in the work if-

(a) the collection is described in the title and in any advertisements thereof issued by or on behalf of

the publisher, as being so intended;

(b) the work was not itself published for the use of educational establishments,

(d) the inclusion is accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement.

(2) Subsection (1) does not authorize the inclusion of more than two excerpts from protected works

by the same author in collections published by the same publisher over any period of five years.

(3) In relation to any given passage, the reference in subsection (2) to excerpts from works by the

same author-

(a) shall be taken to include excerpts from works by him in collaboration with another; and

(b) if the passage in question is from such a work, shall be taken to include excerpts from works by

any of the authors, whether alone or in collaboration with another.

58. Recording of broadcasts, etc. by educational establishments.

58.(1) Subject to subsection (2), a recording of a broadcast or cable programme or a copy of such a

recording may be made by or on behalf of an educational establishment for the educational purposes

of that establishment without thereby infringing the copyright in the broadcast or cable programme

or in any work included in it.

(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply if or to the extent that there is a licensing scheme certified

pursuant to section 102 for the purposes of this section.

59. Restriction on reprographic copying by educational establishments.

59.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, reprographic copies of passages from published

literary, dramatic or musical works may be made by or on behalf of an educational establishment

for the purposes of instruction without infringing any copyright in the work or in the typographical

arrangement.

(2) Not more than five per cent of any work may be copied by or on behalf of an educational

establishment by virtue of this section in any quarter, that is to say, in any period 1st January to 31st

March, 1st April to 30th June, 1st July to 30th September or 1st October to 31st December.

(3) Copying is not authorized by this section if, or to the extent that, licences are available

authorizing the copying in question and the person making the copies knew or ought to have been

aware of that fact.

(4) Where a licence is granted to an educational establishment authorizing the reprographic copying

of passage from any published literary, dramatic or musical work, for use by the establishment,

then, any term of that licence which purports to restrict the proportion of work which may be copied

(whether on payment or free of charge) to less than that permitted under this section shall be of no

effect.

60. Subsequent dealings with authorized copies.

60.(1) Where a copy of a work would be an infringing copy if the making thereof were not

authorized under section 56, 58 or 59 and such copy is subsequently dealt with, it shall be treated as

an infringing copy for the purposes of that dealing and if that dealing infringes copyright for all

subsequent purposes.

(2) In subsection (1) "dealt with" means sold, or let for hire or offered or exposed for sale or hire.

61. Interpretation of references: regulations.

61.(1) In sections 62 to 65 references to the librarian or archivist include references to a person

acting on his behalf.

(2) Regulations may provide that a librarian or archivist who is, pursuant to sections 62 and 55,

required to be satisfied as to a matter before making or supplying a copy of a work-

(a) is entitled to rely on a declaration as to that matter, signed by the person requesting the copy,

unless he is aware that the declaration is false in any material particular;

(b) in such cases as may be prescribed, shall not make or supply a copy to any person in the absence

of a declaration by that person.

(3) Where a person requesting a copy makes a declaration that is false in a material particular and is

supplied with a copy which would have been an infringing copy if made by him, that person shall

be liable for infringement of copyright as if he had made the copy himself, and the copy supplied

shall be treated as an infringing copy.

62. Supply by librarian of copies of published work.

62.(1) The librarian of a prescribed library or archive may, if the prescribed conditions are complied

with-

(a) make and supply a copy of an article in a periodical; or

(b) make and supply from a published edition, a copy of part of a literary, dramatic or musical work,

not being an article in a periodical, without infringing any copyright subsisting in the text of the

article or in the work, as the case may be, or in any illustrations accompanying such article or work,

or in the typographical arrangement thereof.

(2) The conditions prescribed pursuant to subsection (1) shall include the following-

(a) that copies shall be supplied only to persons satisfying the librarian that they require them for

purposes of research or private study, arid will not use them for any other purpose;

(b) in relation to an article, that no person shall be furnished with more than one copy of the same

article or with copies of more than one article contained in the same issue of a periodical;

furnished with more than one copy of the same material or of a copy of more than a reasonable

proportion of any work; and

(d) that persons to whom copies are supplied are required to pay for them a sum not less than the

cost (including a contribution to the general expenses of the library) attributable to their production.

63. Supply of copies to other libraries.

63.(1) The librarian of a prescribed library or archive may, if the prescribed conditions are complied

with, make and supply to another prescribed library or archive a copy of-

(a) an article in a periodical; or

(b) the whole or part of a published edition of a literary, dramatic or musical work,

without infringing any copyright in the text of the article or the work, or in any illustrations

accompanying such article or work or, in the case of a published edition, in the typographical

arrangement.

(2) Paragraph (b) of subsection (1) shall not apply if, at the time the copy is made, the librarian

making it knows or could, by reasonable inquiry, ascertain the name and address of a person

entitled to authorize the making of the copy.

64. Replacing copies of works.

64.(1) The librarian of a prescribed library or archive may, if the prescribed conditions are complied

with, make a copy from any item in the permanent collection of the library or archive for the

purpose of-

(a) preserving or replacing the item by placing the copy in such permanent collection in addition to

or in place of the item;

(b) replacing in the permanent collection of another prescribed library or archive an item which has

been lost, destroyed or damaged,

without infringing the copyright in any literary, dramatic or musical work, in any illustrations

accompanying such a work or, in the case of a published edition, in the typographical arrangement.

(2) The prescribed conditions shall include provisions restricting the making of copies to cases

where it is not reasonably practicable to purchase a copy of the item in question for the purpose.

65. Copying of unpublished work.

65.(1) Subject to subsection (2), the librarian of a prescribed library or archive may, if the

prescribed conditions are complied with, make and supply a copy of the whole or part of a literary,

dramatic or musical work from a document in the library or archive without infringing any

(2) Subsection (1)shall not apply where -

(a) the work had been published before the document was deposited in the library or archive; or

(b) the copyright owner has prohibited copying of the work, and at the time of the making of the

copy the librarian ought to have been aware of that fact

(3) The prescribed conditions shall include the following-

(a) that copies are supplied only to persons satisfying the librarian that they require them for

purposes of research or private study and will not use them for any other purpose;

(b) that no person is furnished with any more than one copy of the same material; and

cost (including a contribution to the general expenses of the library or archive) attributable to their

production.

66. Parliamentary and judicial proceedings and statutory inquiries.

66.(1) Copyright in a work is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of parliamentary or

judicial proceedings, or, subject to subsection (3), for the purposes of reporting such proceedings.

(2) Copyright in a work is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of the proceedings of a

statutory inquiry or, subject to subsection (3), for the purposes of reporting any such proceedings

held in public.

(3) The provisions of subsections (1) and (2) relating to the reporting of proceedings shall not be

construed as authorizing the copying of a work which is itself a published report of the proceedings.

(4) Copyright in a work is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies of the report of a

statutory inquiry containing the work or material from it.

(5) In this section, "statutory inquiry" means an inquiry held or investigation conducted in

pursuance of a duty imposed or power conferred by or under an enactment.

67. Public Records.

67. Where any protected work or a reproduction of any such work is comprised in any public record

(as defined in the Record office Act) which is, by virtue of that Act under the charge of the Keeper

of the Records and is open to public inspection, the copyright in the work is not infringed by the

making or supplying to any person of any copy of the work by or under the direction of any officer

appointed under the Record office Act.

68. Design documents and models.

68.(1) It is not an infringement of any copyright in a design document or in a model that records or

embodies a design for anything (except an artistic work or a typeface) to make an article to the

design or to copy an article made to the design.

(2) It is not an infringement of any copyright to issue to the public or to include in a film, broadcast

or cable programme service anything the making of which was, by virtue of subsection (1), not an

infringement of that copyright.

(3) In this section-

"design" means the design of any aspect of the shape or configuration (whether internal or external)

of the whole or part of an article, other than surface decoration; and

"design document" means any record of a design, whether in the form of a drawing, a written

description, a photograph, data stored in a computer or otherwise.

69. Where design derived from artistic work is exploited.

69.(1) Where an artistic work has been exploited by or with the licence of the copyright owner by-

(a) making by an industrial process articles falling to be treated under this Act as copies of the

work; and

(b) marketing such articles in Jamaica or elsewhere, then, after the end of the period of twenty-five

years from the end of the calendar year in which such articles are first marketed, a person may,

without infringing copyright in the work, copy the work by making articles of any description or by

doing anything for the purpose of making articles of any description, or by doing anything in

relation to articles so made.

(2) Where only part of an artistic work is exploited in the manner described in subsection

(1), then, the provisions of that subsection apply only in relation to that part:

(3) The Minister may by order make provision-

(a) as to the circumstances in which an article or any description of article is to be regarded for the

purposes of this section as made by an industrial process;

(b) excluding from the operation of this section such articles of a primarily literary or artistic

character as he thinks fit.

(4) In this section-

(a) references to articles do not include films; and

(b) references to the marketing of an article are references to its being sold or let for hire or offered

or exposed for sale or hire.

70. Transfer of works in electronic form.

70.(1) Where a work in electronic form has been purchased on terms which, expressly or impliedly

or by virtue of any rule of law, allow the purchaser to copy the work or to adapt it or to make copies

of an adaptation in connection with his use of it, then, in the absence of any express terms-

(a) prohibiting the transfer of the copy by the purchaser, imposing obligations which continue after

a transfer or prohibiting the assignment of any licence or terminating any licence on a transfer; or

(b) providing for the terms on which a transferee may do the things which the purchaser was

permitted to do, anything which the purchaser was allowed to do may also be done by a transferee

without infringement of copyright.

(2) Any copy, adaptation or copy of an adaptation made by the purchaser which is not also

transferred shall, after the transfer, be treated as an infringing copy for all purposes.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) apply where the original purchased copy is no longer usable and what is

transferred is a further copy used in its place.

(4) This section applies also on a subsequent transfer, with the substitution for references in

subsection (2) to the purchaser of references to the subsequent transferor.

71. Anonymous and pseudonymous literary etc. works.

71.(1) Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is not infringed by an act done at a

time when, or in pursuance of an arrangement made at a time when-

(a) it is not possible by reasonable inquiry to ascertain the identity of the author; and

(b) it is reasonable to assume-

(i) that the copyright has expired; or

(ii) that the author died fifty years or more before the beginning of the calender year in which the

act is done or the arrangements are made.

(2) Subsection (1) (b) (ii) does not apply in relation to work in which copyright originally vested in

an inter. national organization by virtue of section 146 and in respect of which an order under that

section specifies a copyright period longer than fifty years.

(3) In relation to work of joint authorship

(a) the reference in subsection (1) to its being possible to ascertain the identity of the author shall be

construed as a reference to its being possible to ascertain the identity of any of the authors; and

(b) the reference in subsection (1) (b) (ii) to the author having died shall be construed as a reference

to all the authors having died.

72. Use of notes of recordings of spoken word.

72.(1) Where a record of spoken words is made, in writing or otherwise, for the purpose of-

(a) reporting current events; or

(b) broadcasting or including in a cable programme service the whole or part of the work,

it is not an infringement of any copyright in the words as a literary work to use the record or

material taken from it (or to copy the record or any such material and use the copy) for that purpose,

providing the conditions specified in subsection (2) are met.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are that-

(a) the record is a direct record of the spoken words and is not taken from a previous record or from

a broadcast or cable programme;

(b) the making of the record was not prohibited by the speaker and, where copyright already

subsisted in the work, did not infringe copyright;

the speaker or copyright owner before the record was made; and

(d) the use is by or with the authority of a person who is lawfully in possession of the record.

73. Reading or recitation in public.

73.(1) The reading or recitation in public of any reasonable extract from a published literary or

dramatic work is not an infringement of copyright in the work, if accompanied by a sufficient

acknowledgement.

(2) Copyright in a work is not infringed by the making of a sound recording, or the broadcasting or

inclusion in a cable programme service, of a reading or recitation which, by virtue of subsection (1),

does not infringe copyright in the work.

74. Representation of artistic works on public display.

74.(1) This section applies to-

(a) buildings;

(b) sculptures, models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a

public place or in premises open to the public.

(2) The copyright in such a work is not infringed by-

(a) making a graphic work representing it;

(b) making a photograph or film of it; or

(3) The copyright of such a work is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies, or the

broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service, of anything whose making was, by virtue

of this section, not an infringement of copyright.

75. Reconstruction of buildings.

75. Anything done for the purposes of reconstructing a building does not infringe any copyright in

the building or in any drawings or plans in accordance with which the building was constructed by

or with the licence of the copyright owner.

76. Subsequent work by same artist.

76. Where the author of an artistic work is not the copyright owner, he does not infringe the

imitate the main design of the earlier work.

77. Making etc., of recordings of musical work previously made or imported.

77. Where sound recordings of a musical work (and accompanying words, if any) have, with the

licence or consent of the owner of the copyright in the work, been previously made in or imported

into Jamaica for the purposes of retail sale, then, any person may, after the expiry of the period of

four months immediately following upon the date of the first authorized manufacture in, or

importation into, Jamaica of such recordings, and without first obtaining the consent or licence of

the owner of the copyright in the work, make or authorize the making of sound recordings of it if

such person-

(a) intends to sell the recordings by retail, or to supply them for the purpose of being sold by retail

by another person, or intends to use them for making other sound recordings which are to be so sold

or supplied;

(b) pays royalties calculated at the prescribed rate; and

royalties paid and other matters, as may be prescribed, and any person who makes or authorizes the

making of sound recordings pursuant to this subsection shall not make or authorize the making of

any alterations in, or omissions from, the work unless sound recordings of that work containing

similar alterations or omissions have been previously made by or with the licence or consent of the

owner of the copyright or unless such alterations or omissions are reasonably necessary for the

adaptation of the work to the sound recording in question.

78. Rental of sound recordings, etc.

78.(1) The Minister may by order, subject to negative resolution, provide that in such cases as may

be specified in the order, the rental to the public of copies of sound recordings, films or computer

programs shall be treated as licensed by the copyright owner subject only to the payment of such

reasonable royalty or other payment as may be agreed or determined in default of agreement by the

(2) An order under subsection (1) shall not apply if, or to the extent that, there is a licensing scheme

certified under section 102 for the purposes of this section providing for the grant of licences.

(3) An order may make different provision for different eases and may specify cases by reference to

any factor relating to the work, the copies rented, the person renting or the circumstances of the

rental.

(4) Copyright in a computer program is not infringed by the rental of copies to the public after the

end of the period of fifty years from the end of the calendar year in which copies of it were first

issued to the public in electronic form.

(5) Nothing in this section affects any liability under section 31 in respect of the rental of infringing

copies.

79. Playing of sound recording for purposes of charitable organization.

79. It is not an infringement of the copyright in a sound recording to play it as part of the activities

of, or for the benefit of, a club, society or other organization if-

(a) the organization is not established or conducted for profit and its main objects are charitable or

are otherwise concerned with the advancement of religion, education or social welfare; and

(b) the proceeds of any charge for admission to the place where the recording is to be heard are

applied solely for the purposes of the organization.

80. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programme.

80.(1) This section applies where by virtue of a licence or assignment of copyright a person is

authorized to broadcast from a place in Jamaica or a specified country or to include in a cable

programme service sent from Jamaica or a specified country-

(a) a literary, dramatic or musical work, or an adaptation of such a work;

(b) an artistic work; or

(2) The person referred to in subsection (1) shall, by virtue of this section, be treated as licensed by

the owner of the copyright in the work to do or authorize any of the following for the purposes of

the broadcast or cable programme-

(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work or an adaptation of such a work, to make a

sound recording or film or the work or adaptation;

(b) in the case of the artistic work, to take a photograph or make a film of the work;

(3) A licence under subsection (2) is subject to the following conditions-

(a) the recording, film, photograph or copy in question shall not be used for any other purpose; and

(b) such recording, film, photograph or copy shall be destroyed within twenty-eight days of being

first used for broadcasting the work or, as the case may be, including it in a cable programme

service.

(4) A recording, film, photograph or copy made in accordance with this section shall be treated as

an infringing copy-

(a) for the purposes of any use in breach of the condition mentioned in subsection (3) (a); and

(b) for all purposes after that condition or the condition mentioned in subsection (3) (b) is breached.

81. Recordings of broadcasts for programme control.

81.(1) Copyright is not infringed by the making or use by a prescribed broadcasting organization,

for the purpose of maintaining supervision and control over programmes and advertisements

broadcast by that organization, of recordings of those programmes and advertisements.

(2) Copyright is not infringed by the making or use by the Broadcasting Commission of recordings

of programmes in connection with and for the purpose of carrying out its functions under the

Broadcasting and Radio Re-diffusion Act.

82. Recording for archival purposes.

82.(1) A recording of a broadcast or cable programme of designated class, or a copy of such a

recording, may be made for the purpose of being placed in an archive maintained by a designated

body without thereby infringing any copyright in the broadcast or cable programme or in any work

included in it.

(2) In subsection (1) "designated" means designated by the Minister, who shall not designate a body

unless he is satisfied that it is not established or conducted for profit.

83. Reception and retransmission of broadcast in cable programme service.

83. Where a literary, dramatic or musical work or film is broadcast with the licence of the copyright

owner from a place in Jamaica or a specified country, any person may, 'without obtaining the

licence of the copyright owner, incorporate the work (by means of the reception of the broadcast) in

a cable programme service:

Provided that-

(a) the transmission by the cable programme service takes place simultaneously with the reception

of the broadcast; and

(b) the programme in which the literary, dramatic or musical work or film is incorporated is

transmitted without alteration of any kind; and

service, equitable remuneration in respect of the transmission, to be fixed in default of agreement by

the Tribunal, and for the purposes of this subsection, an alteration to a programme includes the

addition thereto of new material not contained in the programme as broadcast, or the omission from

the transmission of any material contained in the programme as broadcast; and the term "material"

includes a commercial advertisement.

84. Recording for purposes of time shifting.

84. The making for private and domestic use of a recording of a broadcast or cable programme

solely for the purpose of enabling it to be viewed or listened to at a more convenient time does not

infringe any copyright in the broadcast or cable programme or in any work included in it.

85. Adaptations.

85. An act which by virtue of this Part may be done without infringing copyright in a literary,

dramatic or musical work does not, where that work is an adaptation, infringe any copyright in the

work from which the adaptation was made.

86. Power of Minister to prescribe exceptions to infringement.

86.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the Minister may, by order, subject to negative

resolution, provide that the copyright in a work of the description or category specified in the order

is not infringed where, in relation to such work, such acts as are specified in the order are done in

the circumstances so specified.

(2) The Minister shall not make an order under subsection (1) unless he is satisfied that the acts

specified in the order in relation to the work-

(a) are necessary in the public interest in connection with an event of national importance;

(b) would not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work; and

work.

(3) An order made under subsection (1) shall make provision for the payment of equitable

remuneration to the copyright owner to be determined, in default of agreement, by the Copyright

Tribunal; and such order may contain such consequential, supplemental or ancillary provisions as

appear to the Minister to be necessary or expedient for the purpose of giving effect to the order.

87. Interpretation for purposes of Part.

87.(1) In this Part-

"licence" means any licence that is issued or offered by a licensing body authorizing, in relation to

works in which copyright subsists, the doing of any of the acts restricted by copyright;

"licensing body" means a society or other organization which has as its main object or one of its

main objects, the negotiation or granting, either as owner or prospective owner of copyright or as

agent for him, of licences, and whose objects include the granting of licences covering works of

more than one author;

"licensing scheme" means a scheme setting out-

(a) the classes of case in which the operator of the scheme, or the person on whose behalf he acts, is

willing to grant licences; and

(b) the terms on which licences would be granted in those classes of case, and for this purpose a

"scheme" includes anything in the nature of a scheme, whether described as a scheme or as a tariff

or by any other name.

(2) References in this Part to licences or licensing schemes covering works of more than one author

do not include licences or schemes covering only-

(a) a single collective work or collective works of which the authors are the same; or

(b) works made by, or by employees commissioned by, a single individual, firm, company or group

of companies.

(3) For the purpose of subsection (2) "group" in relation to a company means that company and-

(a) any other company which is its holding company or subsidiary;

(b) any other company which is a subsidiary of the holding company;

paragraph (a) or (b); and

(d) any company which is controlled by a person who directly or indirectly controls a company

referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

88. Licensing scheme to which sections 89 to 94 apply.

88. The provisions of sections 89 to 94 apply to licensing schemes of the following descriptions-

(a) licensing schemes operated by licensing bodies in relation to the copyright in literary, dramatic,

musical or artistic works or films (or film soundtracks when accompanying a film) which cover

works of more than one author, so far as they relate to licences for-

(i) copying the work;

(ii) performing, playing or showing the work in public; or

(iii) broadcasting the work or including it in a cable programme service;

(b) all licensing schemes in relation to the copyright in sound recordings (other than film

sound-tracks when accompanying a film), broadcasts or cable programmer or the typographical

arrangement of published editions; and

programs so far as they relate to licences for the rental of copies to the public.

89. Reference for purposes of Part.

89.(1) The terms of a licensing scheme which a licensing body proposes to operate may be referred

to the Copyright Tribunal by an organization claiming to be representative of persons claiming that

they require licences in cases of a description to which the scheme would apply, either generally or

in relation to any description of case.

(2) The Tribunal shall first decide whether to entertain the reference and may decline to do so on the

ground that the reference is premature.

(3) Where the Tribunal decides to entertain the reference it shall consider the matter referred and

make such order, either confirming or varying the proposed scheme either generally or so far only

as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal thinks

reasonable in the circumstances.

(4) An order may be made under subsection (3) so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as

the Tribunal may determine.

90. Reference of existing licensing scheme.

90.(1) Where during the operation of a licensing scheme a dispute arises between the operator of the

scheme and-

(a) the person claiming that he requires a licence in a case of a description to which the scheme

applies; or

(b) an organization claiming to be representative of such persons, that person or organization may

refer the scheme to the Copyright Tribunal in so far as it relates to cases of that description.

(2) A scheme which has been referred to the Tribunal under this section shall remain in operation

until proceedings on the reference are concluded.

(3) The Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and make such order, either confirming or

varying the scheme so far only as it relates to cases of the description to which the reference relates,

as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(4) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may

determine.

91. Further reference of scheme.

91.(1) Where the Copyright Tribunal has on a previous reference of a licensing scheme under

section 89 or 90 or under this section, made an order with respect to the scheme then, while the

order remains in force-

(a) the operator of the scheme;

(b) a person claiming that he requires a licence in a case of the description to which the order

applies; or

Tribunal so far as it relates to cases of that description.

(2) A licensing scheme shall not, except with the special leave of the Tribunal, be referred again to

the Tribunal in respect of the same description of cases-

(a) within twelve months from the date of the order on the previous reference; or

(b) if the order was made so as to be in force for fifteen months or less, until the last three months

before the expiry of the order.

(3) A scheme which has been referred to the Tribunal under this section shall remain in operation

until proceedings on the reference are concluded.

(4) The Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and make such order, either confirming,

varying or further varying the scheme so far only as it relates to cases of the description to which

the reference relates, as the Tribunal may determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(5) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may

determine.

92. Application for grant of licence in connection with licensing scheme.

92.(1) A person who claims, in a case covered by a licensing scheme, that the operator of the

scheme has refused to grant him or procure the grant to him of a licence in accordance with the

scheme, or has failed to do so within a reasonable time after being asked, may apply to the

(2) A person who claims, in a case excluded from a licensing scheme, that the operator of the

scheme either-

(a) has refused to grant him a licence or procure the grant to him of a licence, or has failed to do so

within a reasonable time of being asked, and that in the circumstances it is unreasonable that a

licence should not be granted; or

(b) proposes terms for a licence which are unreasonable, may apply to the Copyright Tribunal.

(3) A case shall be regarded as excluded from a licensing scheme for the purposes of subsection (2)

if-

(a) the scheme provides for the grant of licences subject to terms excepting matters from the licence

and the case falls within such an exception; or

(b) the case is so similar to those in which licences are granted under the scheme that it is

unreasonable that it should not be dealt with in the same way.

(4) If the Tribunal is satisfied that the claim is wellfounded, it shall make an order declaring that, in

respect of the matters specified in the order, the applicant is entitled to a licence on such terms as

the Tribunal may determine to be applicable in accordance with the scheme or, as the case may be,

to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(5) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may

determine.

93. Application for review of order as to entitlement to licence.

93.(1) Where the Copyright Tribunal has made an order under section 92 that a person is entitled to

a licence under a licensing scheme, the operator of the scheme or the original applicant may apply

to the Tribunal to review its order.

(2) An application shall not be made, except with the special leave of the Tribunal-

(a) within twelve months from the date of the order, or of the decision on a previous application

under this section; or

(b) if the order was made so as to be in force for fifteen months or less or, as a result of the decision

on a previous application under this section, is due to expire within fifteen months of that decision,

until the last three months before the expiry date.

(3) The Tribunal shall on an application for review confirm or vary its order as the Tribunal may

determine to be reasonable having regard to the terms applicable in accordance with the licensing

scheme or, as the case may be, the circumstances of the case.

94. Effect of order of Tribunal as to licensing scheme.

94.(1) A licensing scheme which has been confirmed or varied by the Copyright Tribunal under

section 89 or 90 shall be in force, or as the case may be, remain in operation so far as it relates to the

description of case in respect of which the order is made, so long as the order remains in force.

(2) While the order is in force a person who in a case of a class to which the order applies-

(a) pays to the operator of the scheme any charges payable under the scheme in respect of a licence

covering the case in question or, if the amount cannot be ascertained, gives an undertaking to the

operator to pay them when ascertained; and

(b) complies with the other terms applicable to such a licence under the scheme,

shall be in the same position as regards infringement of copyright as if he had at all material times

been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright in question in accordance with

the scheme.

(3) The Tribunal may direct that the order, so far as it varies the amount of charges payable, shall

have effect from a date before that on which it is made, not being a date earlier than the date on

which the reference was made or, where the scheme came into operation after the reference was

made, not being a date earlier than the date on which the scheme came into operation; but no such

direction may be made where subsection (5) applies.

(4) If a direction is made under subsection (3)-

(a) any necessary repayments, or further payments, shall be made in respect of charges already paid;

and

(b) the reference in paragraph (a) of subsection (2) to the charges payable under the scheme shall be

construed as a reference to the charges so payable by virtue of the order.

(5) An order of the Tribunal under section 89 or 90 made with respect to a scheme which is certified

for any purpose under section 102 has effect, so far as it varies: the scheme by reducing the charge

payable for licences, from the date on which the reference was made to the Tribunal.

(6) Where the Tribunal has made an order under section 92 and the order remains in force, the

person in whose favour the order is made shall, if he satisfies the conditions specified in subsection

(7), be in the same position as regards infringement of copyright as if he had at all material times

been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright in question on the terms specified

in the order.

(7) The conditions referred to in subsection (6) are that the person mentioned in that subsection

shall-

(a) pay to the operator of the scheme any charges payable in accordance with the order or, if the

amount cannot be ascertained, give an undertaking to pay the charges when ascertained; and

(b) comply with the other terms specified in the order.

95. Licences to which sections 96 to 99 apply.

95. Sections 96 to 99 apply to the following descriptions of licence granted by a licensing body

otherwise than in pursuance of a licensing scheme-

(a) licences relating to the copyright in literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works or films (or film

sound-tracks when accompanying a film) which cover works of more than one author, so far as they

authorize -

(i) copying the work;

(ii) performing, playing or showing the work in public; or

(iii) broadcasting the work or including it in a cable programme service;

(b) any licence relating to the copyright in a sound recording (other than a film sound-track when

accompanying a film), broadcast or cable programme, or the typographical arrangement of a

published edition; and

they relate to the rental of copies to the public.

96. Reference to Tribunal of proposed licence.

96.(1) The terms on which a licensing body proposes to grant a licence may be referred to the

(2) The Tribunal shall first decide whether to entertain the reference, and may decline to do so on

the ground that the reference is premature.

(3) If the Tribunal decides to entertain the reference it shall consider the terms of the proposed

licence and make such order, either confirming or varying the terms, as it may determine to be

reasonable in the circumstances.

(4) The order may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal may

determine.

97. Reference to Tribunal of expiring licence.

97.(1) A licensee under a licence which is due to expire by effluxion of time or as a result of notice

given by the licensing body, may apply to the Copyright Tribunal on the ground that it is

unreasonable in the circumstances that the licence should cease to be in force.

(2) Such an application may not be made until the last three months before the licence is due to

expire.

(3) A licence in respect of which a reference has been made to the Tribunal shall remain in

operation until proceedings on the reference are concluded.

(4) If the Tribunal finds the application wellfounded, it shall make an order declaring that the

licensee shall continue to be entitled to the benefit of the licence on such terms as the Tribunal may

determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(5) An order of the Tribunal under this section may be made so as to be in force indefinitely or for

such period as the Tribunal may determine.

98. Application for review of order as to licence.

98.(1) Where the Copyright Tribunal has made an order under section 96 or 97, the licensing body

or the person entitled to the benefit of the order may apply to the Tribunal to review its order.

(2) An application shall not be made, except with the special leave of the Tribunal-

(a) within twelve months from the date of the order or of the decision on a previous application

under this section; or

(b) if the order was made so as to be in force for fifteen months or less or, as a result of the decision

on a previous application under this section, is due to expire within fifteen months of that decision,

until the last three months before the expiry date.

(3) The Tribunal shall on an application for review confirm or vary its order as the Tribunal may

determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

99. Effect of order of Tribunal as to licence.

99.(1) Where the Copyright Tribunal has made an order under section 96 or 97 and the order

remains in force, the person entitled to the benefit of the order shall, if he satisfies the conditions

specified in subsection (2), be in the same position as regards infringement of copyright as if he had

at all material times been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright in question

on the terms specified in the order.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are that the person mentioned in that subsection

shall-

(a) pay to the licensing body any charges payable in accordance with the order or, if the amount

cannot be ascertained, give an undertaking to pay the charges when ascertained; and

(b) comply with the other terms specified in the order.

(3) The benefit of the order may be assigned-

(a) in the case of an order under section 96, if assignment is not prohibited under the terms of the

Tribunal's order; and

(b) in the case of an order under section 97 if assignment was not prohibited under the terms of the

original licence.

(4) The Tribunal may direct that an order under section 96 or 97, or an order under section 98

varying such an order, so far as it varies the amount of charges payable, shall have effect from a

date before that on which it was made, not being a date earlier than the date on which the reference

or application was made or, where a licence was granted or was due to expire after the reference

was made, not being a date earlier than the date on which the licence was granted or, as the case

may be, was due to expire.

(5) If such a direction is made -

(a) any necessary repayments. or further payments, shall be made in respect of charges already paid;

and

(b) the reference in paragraph (a) of subsection (1) to the charges payable in accordance with the

order shall be construed, where the order is varied by a later order, as a reference to the charges so

payable by virtue of the later order.

100. Regulations may prescribe factors to be taken into account.

100. Regulations made under section 150 may prescribe the matters which the Copyright Tribunal

shall take into account on a reference or application made under this Part in respect of any class or

classes of case.

101. Royalty payable for rental of sound recording, film, etc.

101.(1) An application to settle the royalty or other sum payable in pursuance of section 78 may be

made to the Copyright Tribunal by the copyright owner or the person claiming to be treated as

licensed by him.

(2) The Tribunal shall consider the matter and make such order as it may determine to be reasonable

in the circumstances.

(3) Either party may subsequently apply to the Tribunal to vary the order and the Tribunal shall

consider the matter and make such order confirming or varying the original order as it may

determine to be reasonable in the circumstances.

(4) An application under subsection (3) shall not, except with the special leave of the Tribunal, be

made within twelve months from the date of the original order or of the order on a previous

application under that subsection.

(5) An order under subsection (3) has effect from the date on which it is made or such later date as

may be specified by the Tribunal.

102. Ministerial order in relation to licensing scheme.

102.(1) on the application of any person operating or proposing to operate a licensing scheme for

the purposes of sections 58, 78 and such other provisions as may be prescribed, the Minister shall

by order certify the scheme if he is satisfied that it-

(a) enables the works to which it relates to be identified with sufficient certainty by persons likely to

require licences; and

(b) sets out clearly the charges (if any) payable and the other terms on which licences will be

granted.

(2) The scheme shall be scheduled to the order and the scheme shall come into operation for the

purposes of sections 58, 78 or such other provisions as may be prescribed-

(a) on such date, being not less than eight weeks after the order is made, as may be specified in the

order, or

(b) if the scheme is the subject of a reference under section 89, any later date on which the order of

the Copyright Tribunal under that section comes into force or the reference is withdrawn.

(3) A variation of the scheme is not effective unless the order is amended by the Minister; and the

Minister shall make the amendment in the case of a variation ordered by the Copyright Tribunal on

a reference under section 89, 90 or 91 and may do so in any other case if he thinks fit.

(4) The Minister may, by order, revoke an order made under subsection (1) if it appears to him that

the scheme to which the order relates is no longer being operated according to its terms, and shall

revoke the order if the scheme ceases to be operated.

103. Establishment of Copyright Tribunal.

103.(1) There is hereby established for the purposes of this Act a tribunal to be called the Copyright

Tribunal.

(2) The provisions of the Schedule shall have effect as to the constitution of the Tribunal and

otherwise in relation thereto.

104. Jurisdiction of Tribunal.

104.(1) The functions of the Tribunal shall be -

(a) to hear and determine-

(i) any matter referred to it pursuant to any provision of Part; VII relating to a licensing scheme or

licence;

(ii) an application under section lot to settle the royalty or other sum payable for rental of a sound

recording, film or computer program;

(b) to keep under review the prescribed rate of royalty payable to a performer in connection with an

adaptation of an original recording of his performance; and

respect of the use or presentation in such national cultural event as he may by order designate, of

any works or performance in which copyright or other rights subsist.

(2) In relation to its functions under subsection (1) (b), the Tribunal may from time to tine on its

own initiative and. shall, on a request made in writing by the Minister, enquire into the

appropriateness of such rate and make such recommendations to the Minister with respect thereto as

it thinks fit.

105. Regulations relating to proceedings of Tribunal.

105.(1) The Minister may make regulations relating to proceedings before the Copyright Tribunal

anal provisions shall be made in such regulations-

(a) Prohibiting the Tribunal from entertaining a reference under section 89, 90 or 91 by a

representative organization unless the Tribunal is satisfied that the organization is reasonably

representative of the class of persons which it claims to represent;

(b) specifying the parties to any proceedings and enabling the Tribunal to make a party to the

proceedings any person or organization which the Tribunal is satisfied has a substantial interest in

the matter; and

writing or orally as the regulations may provide.

(2) The regulations may prescribe any matter incidental to or consequential upon any appeal from

the Tribunal under section 106.

(3) Regulations made under this section shall be subject to negative resolution.

106. Appeal on point of law.

106.(1) An appeal lies on any point of law arising from a decision of the Copyright Tribunal to the

Supreme Court.

(2) Regulations made under section 105 may limit the time within which an appeal may be brought.

107. Conferment of rights in performances.

107.(1) By virtue of, and subject to the provisions of this Part, rights are conferred on-

(a) a performer, requiring his consent to the exploitation of his performance; and

(b) a person having recording rights in relation to a performance, requiring his consent to the

making of a recording of that performance.

(2) The rights conferred by this Part are independent of-

(a) any copyright in or moral rights relating to any work used or performed in the performance; and

(b) any other right or obligation arising otherwise than under this Part.

108. Consent required for recording or live transmission of performance.

108.(1) A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without his consent-

(a) makes, otherwise than for his private and domestic use, a recording of the whole or any

substantial part of a qualifying performance; or

(b) broadcasts live, or includes live In a cable programme service, the whole or any substantial part

of a qualifying performance.

(2) In an action for infringement of a performer's rights brought by virtue of this section, damages

shall not be awarded against a defendant who shows that at the time of the infringement he believed

on reasonable grounds that consent had been given.

109. Infringement of performer's rights by use of recording made without consent.

109. A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without his consent-

(a) shows or plays in public the whole or any substantial part of a qualifying performance; or

(b) broadcasts or includes in a cable programme service the whole or any substantial part of a

qualifying performance, by means of a recording which was made without the performer's consent

and that person knows or has reason to believe that it was so made.

110. Consent and royalty required for adaptation of recording.

110.(1) A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without his consent and payment of

royalty at the prescribed rate, uses an original recording of a qualifying performance (whether

authorized or not) for the purpose of making an adaptation of the recording.

(2) In subsection (1) "an adaptation of the recording" means a recording in which the performance is

accompanied by lyrics or music not contained in the original recording.

111. Infringement of performer's rights by importing, possessing, etc., illicit recording.

111.(1) A performer's rights are infringed by a person who, without his consent-

(a) imports into Jamaica otherwise than for his private and domestic use; or

(b) in the course of a business possesses, sells or lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, or

distributes, a recording of a qualifying performance which is, and which that person knows or has

reason to believe is, an illicit recording.

(2) Where in an action for infringement of a performer's rights brought by virtue of this section a

defendant shows that the illicit recording was innocently acquired by him or a predecessor in title of

his, the remedy in damages available against him in respect of the infringement is an amount not

exceeding a reasonable payment in respect of the act complained of.

(3) In subsection (2) "innocently acquired" means that the person acquiring the recording did not

know and had no reason to believe that it was an illicit recording.

112. Consent required for recording of performance subject to exclusive contract.

112.(1) A person infringes the rights of a person having recording rights in relation to a

performance who, without his consent, makes a recording of the whole or any substantial part of the

performance otherwise than for his private and domestic use.

(2) In an action for infringement of those rights brought by virtue of this section, damages shall not

be awarded against a defendant who shows that at the time of the infringement he believed on

reasonable grounds that consent had been given.

113. Infringement of recording rights by use of recordings made without consent.

113.(1) A person infringes the rights of a person having recording rights in relation to a

performance who, without his consent-

(a) shows or plays in public the whole or any substantial part of the performance; or

(b) broadcasts or includes in a cable programme service the whole or any substantial part of the

performance, by means of a recording which was, and which that person knows or has reason to

believe was, made without the appropriate consent.

(2) The reference in subsection (1) to the "appropriate consent" is to the consent of the person who

at the time the consent was given had recording rights in relation to the performance (or, if there

was more than one such person, of all of them).

114. Infringement of recording rights by importing, possessing, etc., illicit recording.

114.(1) A person infringes the rights of a person having recording rights in relation to a

performance who, without his consent-

(a) imports into Jamaica otherwise than for his private and domestic use; or

(b) in the course of a business, possesses, sells or lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, or

distributes, a recording of the performance which is, and which that person knows or has reason to

believe is, an illicit recording.

(2) Where in an action for infringement of those rights brought by virtue of this section a defendant

shows that the illicit recording was innocently acquired by him or a predecessor in title of his, the

remedy in damages available against him in respect of the infringement is an amount not exceeding

a reasonable payment in respect of the act complained of.

(3) In subsection (2) "innocently acquired" means that the person acquiring the recording did not

know and had no reason to believe that it was an illicit recording.

115. Permitted acts in relation to performances.

115. Notwithstanding the rights in performances conferred by this Part-

(a) any act done in relation to a performance or recording in the circumstances specified hereunder

does not constitute an infringement of the rights, and

(b) the Copyright Tribunal may give consent on behalf of a performer in the circumstances specified

in section 128.

116. Fair dealing for criticism, etc.

116. Fair dealing with a performance or recording-

(a) for the purpose of criticism or review of that or another performance or recording, or of a work;

(b) for the purpose of reporting current events, does not infringe any of the rights conferred by this

Part, and the provisions of section 54 shall, with the necessary modifications, apply in determining

whether or not an act constitutes fair dealing.

117. Incidental inclusion of performance or recording.

117. The rights conferred by this Part are not infringed-

(a) by the incidental inclusion in a sound recording, film, broadcast or cable programme of a

performance or recording;

(b) by anything done in relation to copies of, or the playing, showing, broadcasting or inclusion in a

cable programme service of, anything whose making was not an infringement of those rights, by

virtue of paragraph (a), and for the purposes of this section, a performance or recording so far as it

consists of music, or words spoken or sung with music, shall not be regarded as incidentally

included in a sound recording. broadcast or cable programme if it is deliberately included.

118. Acts done to recording or performance for purposes of instruction, etc.

118.(1) The rights conferred by this Part are not infringed by the copying of a recording of a

performance in the course of instruction, or of preparation for instruction, in the making of films or

film sound-tracks, provided the copying is done by a person giving or receiving instruction.

(2) The rights conferred by this Part are not infringed-

(a) by the copying of a recording of a performance for the purposes of setting or answering the

questions in an examination; or

(b) by anything done for the purposes of an examination by way of communicating the questions to

the candidates.

(3) Where a recording which would otherwise be an illicit recording is made in accordance with this

section but is subsequently dealt with, it shall be treated as an illicit recording for the purposes of

that dealing, and if that dealing infringes any right conferred by this Part, for all subsequent

purposes.

(4) In subsection (3) and in section 119 (2) "dealt with" means sold or let for hire, or offered or

exposed for sale or hire.

119. Recording of broadcasts and cable programmes by educational establishments.

119.(1) A recording of a broadcast or cable programme or a copy of such recording, may be made

by or on behalf of an educational establishment for the educational purposes of that establishment

without thereby infringing any of the rights conferred by this Part in relation to any performance or

recording included in it.

(2) Where a recording which would otherwise be an illicit recording is made in accordance with this

section but is subsequently dealt with (as defined in section 118 (4) ) it shall be treated as an illicit

recording for the purposes of that dealing, and if that dealing infringes any right conferred by this

Part, for all subsequent purposes.

120. Acts done to performance or recording for Parliamentary proceedings, etc.

120.(1) The rights conferred by this Part are not infringed by anything done for the purposes of-

(a) parliamentary or judicial proceedings of the reporting of such proceedings; or

(b) the proceedings of a statutory inquiry or the reporting of such proceedings held in public.

121. Transfer of recording of performance in electronic form.

121.(1) Where a recording of a performance in electronic form has been purchased on terms which,

expressly or impliedly or by virtue of any rule of law, allow the purchaser to make further

recordings in connection with his use of the recording, then, in the absence of any express terms-

(a) prohibiting the transfer of the recording by the purchaser;

(b) imposing obligations which continue after a transfer;

(d) terminating any consent on a transfer; or

(e) providing for the terms on which a transferee may do the things which the purchaser was

permitted to do, anything which the purchaser was allowed to do may also be done by a transferee

without infringement of the rights conferred by this Part, but any recording made by the purchaser

which is not also transferred shall be treated as an illicit recording for all purposes after the transfer.

(2) Subsection (1) applies where the original purchased recording is no longer usable and what is

transferred is a further copy used in its place.

(3) This section also applies on a subsequent transfer, with the substitution for references in

subsection (1) to the purchaser of references to the subsequent transferor.

(4) This section does not apply in relation to a recording purchased before the 1st September, 1993.

122. Use of recordings of spoken words.

122.(1) Where a recording of the reading or recitation of a literary work is made for the purpose of-

(a) reporting current events; or

(b) broadcasting or including in a cable programme service the whole or part of the reading or

recitation, it is not an infringement of the rights conferred by this Part to use the recording (or to

copy the recording and use the copy) for that purpose, provided the conditions specified in

subsection (2) are met.

(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are that-

(a) the recording is a direct recording of the reading or recitation and is not taken from a previous

recording or from a broadcast or cable programme;

(b) the making of the recording was not prohibited by or on behalf of the person giving the reading

or recitation;

recording was made; and

(d) the use is by or with the authority of a person who is lawfully in possession of the recording.

123. Playing sound recording as part of activities of charitable organization, etc.

123. It is not an infringement of any right conferred by this Part to play a sound recording as part of

the activities of, or for the benefit of, a club, society or other organization if-

(a) the organization is not established or conducted for profit and its main objects are charitable or

are otherwise concerned with the advancement of religion, education or social welfare; and

(b) the proceeds of any charge for admission to the place where the recording is to be heard are

applied solely for the purposes of the organization.

124. Incidental recording for purposes of broadcast or cable programme.

124.(1) Subject to subsection (2), a person who proposes to broadcast a recording of a performance,

or to include a recording of a performance in a cable programme service, in circumstances not

infringing the rights conferred by this Part, shall be treated as having consent for the purposes of

this Part for the making of a further recording for the purposes of the broadcast or cable programme.

(2) The consent given under subsection (1) is subject to the following conditions-

(a) the further recording shall not be used for any other purpose; and

(b) such recording shall be destroyed within twenty-eight days of being first used for broadcasting

the performance or including it in a cable programme service.

(3) A recording made in accordance with this paragraph shall be treated as an illicit recording-

(a) for the purposes of any use in breach of the condition mentioned in paragraph (a) of subsection

(2); and

(b) for all purposes after that condition or the condition mentioned in paragraph (b) of subsection

(2) is breached.

125. Recordings for supervision and control of programmer.

125.(1) The rights conferred by this Part are not infringed by the making or use by a prescribed

broadcasting organization for the purpose of maintaining supervision and control over programmes

broadcast by that organization, of recordings of those programmes.

(2) The rights conferred by this Part are not infringed by the making or use of recordings by the

Broadcasting Commission in connection with and for the purpose of carrying out its functions under

the Broadcasting and Radio Re-diffusion Act.

126. Recording of broadcast or cable programme for archival purposes.

126.(1) A recording of a broadcast or cable programme of a designated class, or a copy of such a

recording, may be made for the purpose of being placed in an archive maintained by a designated

body without thereby infringing any right conferred by this Part in relation to a performance or

recording included in the broadcast or cable programme.

(2) In this section "designated" has the meaning assigned to that expression in section 82.

127. Order excepting acts from infringing rights under this Part.

127.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the Minister may, by order, subject to negative

resolution, provide that the rights conferred by this Part are not infringed by the doing of such acts

in relation to the performance as are specified in the order, where such acts are done in the

circumstances so specified.

(2) The Minister shall not make an order under subsection (1) unless he is satisfied that the acts

specified in the order-

(a) are necessary in the public interest in connection with an event of national importance;

(b) would not conflict with the normal exploitation of the performance; and

rights in the performance.

(3) An order made under subsection (1) shall make provision for the payment of equitable

remuneration to any person having rights conferred by this Part to be determined, in default of

agreement, by the Copyright Tribunal; and such order may contain such consequential,

supplemental or ancillary provisions as appear to the Minister to be necessary or expedient for the

purpose of giving effect to the order.

128. Tribunal may consent on behalf of performer.

128.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the Copyright Tribunal may, on the application of a

person who wishes to make a recording from a previous recording of a performance, give consent in

a case where

(a) the identity or whereabouts of a performer cannot be ascertained by reasonable inquiry; or

(b) a performer unreasonably withholds his consent.

(2) Consent given by the Tribunal has effect as consent of the performer for the purposes of-

(a) the provisions of this Part relating to performers' rights; and

(b) paragraph (a) of subsection (3) of section 134, and may be given subject to such conditions as

the Tribunal may specify in the order.

(3) The Tribunal shall not give consent under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) except after the

service or publication of such notices as may be required by regulations made under section 105 or

as the Tribunal may in any particular case direct.

(4) The Tribunal shall not give consent under paragraph (b) of subsection (1) unless it is satisfied

that the performer's reasons for withholding consent do not include the protection of any legitimate

interest of his; but it shall be for the performer to show what his reasons are for withholding

consent, and in default of evidence as to his reasons the Tribunal may draw such inferences as it

thinks fit.

(5) In any case the Tribunal shall take into account the following factors-

(a) whether the original recording was made with the performer's consent and is lawfully in the

possession or control of the person proposing to make the further recording;

(b) whether the making of the further recording is consistent with the obligations of the parties to

the arrangements under which, or is otherwise consistent with the purposes for which, the original

recording was made.

(6) Where the Tribunal gives consent under this section it shall, in default of agreement between the

applicant and the performer, make such order as it thinks fit as to the payment to be made to the

performer in consideration of consent being given.

129. Duration of rights in performances.

129. The rights conferred by this Part continue to subsist in relation to a performance until the end

of the period of fifty years from the end of the calendar year in which the performance takes place.

130. Transmission of rights in performances.

130.(1) The rights conferred by this Part are not assignable or transmissible, except to the extent

that performers' rights are transmissible as provided in this section.

(2) on the death of a person entitled to performers' rights-

(a) the rights pass to such person as he may by testamentary disposition specifically direct; and

(b) if, or to the extent that there is no such direction, the rights are exercisable by his personal

representative, and references in this Part to the performer, in the context of the person having

performers' rights, shall be construed as references to the person for the time being entitled to

exercise those rights.

(3) Where by virtue of paragraph (a) of subsection (2) a right becomes exercisable by more than one

person, it is exercisable by each of them independently of the other or others.

(4) Subsections (1), (2) and (3) are without prejudice to any rights conferred by this Act on a person

to whom has been assigned the benefit of an exclusive recording contract or licence to make

recordings of a performance.

(5) Any damages recovered by personal representatives by virtue of this section in respect of an

infringement after a person's death shall devolve as part of his estate as if the right of action had

subsisted and been vested in him immediately before his death.

131. Consent.

131.(1) Consent for the purposes of this Part may be given in relation to a specific performance, a

specified description of performances, or performances generally, and may relate to past or future

performances.

(2) A person having recording rights in a performance is bound by any prior consent given by a

person through whom he derives his rights under the exclusive recording contract or licence in

question, in the same way as if the consent had been given by him.

(3) Where a right conferred by this Part passes to another person, any consent binding on the person

previously entitled binds the person to whom the right passes in the same way as if the consent had

been given by him.

132. Infringement actionable as breach of statutory duty.

132. An infringement of any of the rights conferred by this Part is actionable by the person entitled

to the right as a breach of statutory duty.

133. Order for delivery up of illicit recording in civil proceedings.

133.(1) Where a person has in his possession, custody or control in the course of a business an illicit

recording of a performance, a person having performers' rights or recording rights under this Part in

relation to the performance may apply to the court for an order that the recording be delivered up to

him or to such other person as the court may direct.

(2) An application shall not be made after the end of the period specified in section 138; and the

court shall not make an order under this section unless it also makes an order under section 137 for

the disposal of the recording, of it is of the opinion that there are grounds on which an order under

that section could be made.

(3) A person to whom a recording is delivered up in pursuance of an order under this section shall,

if an order under section 137 is not made, retain it pending the making of an order, or the decision

not to make an order under that section.

(4) Nothing in this section affects any other power of the court.

134. Criminal liability for making, dealing with or using illicit recordings.

134.(1) A person commits an offence without sufficient consent-

(a) makes for sale or hire; or

(b) imports into Jamaica otherwise than for his private and domestic use; or

by this Part; or

(d) in the course of a business

(i) sells or lets for hire; or

(ii) offers or exposes for sale or hire; or

(iii) distributes, a recording which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe is, an illicit

recording.

(2) A person commits an offence who causes a recording of a performance made without sufficient

consent to be-

(a) shown or played in public; or

(b) broadcast or included in a cable programme service, thereby infringing any of the rights

conferred by this Part, if he knows or has reason to believe that those rights are thereby infringed.

(3) In subsections (1) and (2) "sufficient consent" means-

(a) in the case of a qualifying performance that is not subject to an exclusive recording contract, the

consent of the performer; and

(b) in the case of a performance that is subject to an exclusive recording contract, the consent of the

person having recording rights.

(4) References in this section to the person having recording rights are to the person having those

rights at the time the consent is given or. if there is more than one such person, to all of them.

(5) No offence is committed under subsection (1) of (2) by the doing of an act which, by virtue of

any provision of this Part, may be done without infringing the rights conferred by this Part.

(6) A person guilty of an offence under subsection (1) or (2) shall be liable-

(a) on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding one hundred

thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years;

(b) on conviction before a Circuit Court to a fine of to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five

years, or to both such fine and imprisonment.

135. Order for delivery up of illicit recording in criminal proceedings.

135.(1) The Court before which proceedings are brought against a person for an offence under

section 134 may, if satisfied that at the time of his arrest or charge he had in his possession, custody

or control in the course of a business an illicit recording of a performance, order that it be delivered

up to a person having performers' rights of recording rights in relation to the performance or to such

other person as the court may direct.

(2) An order may be made by the court of its own motion or on the application of the prosecution

and may be made whether or not the person is convicted of the offence but shall not be made

(a) after the end of the period specified in section 138 or

(b) if it appears to the court unlikely that any order will be made under section 137.

(3) An appeal lies to the Court of Appeal from an order made under this section.

(4) A person to whom an illicit recording is delivered up in pursuance of an order under this section

shall retain it pending the making of an order, or the decision not to make an order, under section

137.

136. False representation of authority to give consent.

136.(1) It is an offence for a person to represent falsely that he is authorized by any person to give

consent for the purposes of this Part in relation to a performance, unless he believes on reasonable

grounds that he is so authorized.

(2) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction before a

Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not

exceeding six months or to both such fine and imprisonment.

137. Order for disposal of infringing copy or illicit recording.

137.(1) An application may be made to the court for-

(a) an order that an infringing copy or article delivered up in pursuance of an order under sections

33 and 48 shall be-

(i) forfeited to the copyright owner; or

(ii) destroyed or otherwise dealt with as the court may direct;

(b) an order that an illicit recording of a performance delivered up in pursuance of an order under

section 133 or 135 shall be -

(i) forfeited to such person having performers' rights or recording right in relation to the

performance as the court may direct; or

(ii) destroyed or otherwise dealt with as the court thinks fit; or

(2) In considering what order (if any) should be made, the court shall have regard to all the

circumstances of the case and, in particular-

(a) where the infringement relates to copyright in a work, whether other remedies available in an

action for infringement of copyright would be adequate to compensate the copyright owner and to

protect his interest;

(b) where the infringement relates to rights conferred under Part IX, whether other remedies

available in an action for infringement of those rights would be adequate to compensate the person

or persons entitled to the rights and to protect their interests.

(3) Provision shall be made by regulations as to the service of notice on persons having an interest

in the infringing copy or other articles or the illicit recording, as the case may be, and any such

person is entitled-

(a) to appear in proceedings for an order under this section, whether or not he was served with

notice; and

(b) to appeal against any order made, whether or not he appeared, and an order shall not take effect

until the end of the period within which notice of an appeal may be given or, if before the end of

that period notice of appeal is duly given, until the final determination or abandonment of the

proceedings on the appeal.

(4) Where there is more than one person interested in an infringing copy or other article, or as the

case may be, an illicit recording, the court shall make such order as it thinks just and may, in

particular, direct that such copy, article or recording be sold, or otherwise dealt with, and the

proceeds divided.

(5) If the court decides that no order should be made under this section, the person in whose

possession, custody or control the copy or article or, as the case may be, the recording was before

being delivered up or seized is entitled to its return.

(6) References in this section to a person having an interest in a copy or other article or a recording

include any person in whose favour an order could be made in respect of the copy, article or, as the

case may be, recording under this section.

138. Period after which remedy or delivery up not available.

138.(1) An application for an order under section 33 or 133 may not be made after the end of the

period of six years from the date on which the infringing copy or article or, as the case may be, the

illicit recording in question was made, subject to the following provisions.

(2) If during the whole or any part of that period a person entitled to apply for an order-

(a) is under a disability; or

(b) is prevented by fraud or concealment from discovering the facts entitling him to apply, an

application may be made by him at any time before the end of the period of six years from the date

on which he ceased to be under a disability or, as the case may be, could with reasonable diligence

have discovered those facts.

139. Time limited for prosecution.

139. No prosecution for an offence under this Act shall be commenced after the expiration of hive

years after the commission of the offence or one year after the discovery thereof, whatever date last

occurs.

140. Powers of members of Constabulary Force.

140.(1) Subject to subsection (3) of this section and section 141, a member of the Constabulary

Force of or above the rank of Inspector may, if he is satisfied that there is reasonable cause to

believe that an offence against this Act is being committed, give directions to any constable

authorizing him to-

(a) enter and search any premises or place;

(b) stop, board and search any vessel (other than a ship of war) or any aircraft (other than a military

aircraft); or

copy of a work or an illicit recording or any article used or intended to be used for making

infringing copies or illicit recordings; and

(d) seize, remove or detain-

(i) any article which appears to the constable to be an infringing copy or an illicit recording or any

other article which appears to him to be intended for use for nicking such copies or recordings; and

(ii) anything which appears to him to be or to contain, or to be likely to be or to contain, evidence of

an offence under this Act.

(2) A constable to whom directions have been given under subsection (1) may-

(a) break open any outer or inner door of any place which he is authorized by this section to enter

and search;

(b) forcibly board any vessel, aircraft or vehicle which he is authorized under this Act to stop, board

and search;

him by this Act;

(d) detain any person found in any place which he is authorized under this section to search until

such place has been searched;

(e) detain any vessel or aircraft which he is authorized under this section to stop, board and search,

and prevent any person from approaching or boarding such vessel or aircraft until it has been

searched;

(f) detain any vehicle which he is authorized under this Act to stop and search until it has been

searched;

(3) It shall be the duty of any constable in the execution of any directions given under subsection (l)

to produce the instrument containing the directions to the owner or occupier of any premises, place,

vessel or aircraft entered or vehicle stopped, pursuant to such directions if required by such owner

or occupier to do so.

141. Restrictions on the entry and search of domestic premises.

141.(1) No domestic premises shall be entered and searched pursuant to section 140 unless a

magistrate has issued a warrant under subsection (2).

(2) A magistrate may, if he is satisfied by information on oath that there is reasonable ground for

suspecting that there is in any domestic premises any article which may be seized, removed or

detained under any provision of this Act, issue a warrant authorizing a member of the Constabulary

Force not below the rank of Sergeant to enter and search the premises, and such member may call

upon any constable to assist him in entering and searching the premises.

(3) In this section "domestic premises" means any premises or any part thereof, used exclusively or

mainly as a dwelling.

142. Obstruction of members of the Constabulary Force.

142.(1) Without prejudice to any other written law, any person who-

(a) wilfully obstructs a member of the Constabulary Force in the exercise of his powers or the

performance of his duties under this Act;

(b) wilfully fails to comply with any requirement properly made to him by any such member; or

reasonably require to be given for the purpose of exercising his powers or performing his duties

under this Act, is liable on seminary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding

ten thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

(2) A person who, when required to give information to a member of the Constabulary Force in the

exercise of his powers or the performance of his duties under this Act, knowingly gives false or

misleading information to any such member is liable on summary conviction before a Resident

Magistrate to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not

exceeding six months.

(3) Nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring any person to give any information which

may incriminate him.

143. Offences by bodies corporate.

143. Where an offence under this Act committed by a body corporate is proved to have been

committed with the consent or connivance of, or to be attributable to any neglect on the part of, any

director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the body corporate or any person who was

purporting to act in any such capacity, he, as well as the body corporate, is guilty of that offence and

is liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

144. Power to apply provisions of Act to other country.

144.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the Minister may by order provide that in respect of

any country specified in the order, any provisions of this Act so specified shall apply-

(a) in relation to persons who are citizens or habitual residents of that country as they apply to

persons who are citizens or habitual residents of Jamaica;

(b) in relation to bodies incorporated or established under the laws of that country as they apply in

relation to bodies incorporated or established under the laws of Jamaica;

first published in that country as they apply in relation to such works, sound recordings, films and

editions first published in Jamaica;

(d) in relation to broadcasts made from or cable programmes sent from that country as they apply in

relation to broadcasts made from or cable programmes sent from Jamaica;

(e) in relation to performances taking place in that country or given by an individual who is a citizen

or habitual resident of that country, as they apply in relation to performances taking place in

Jamaica or given by an individual who is a citizen or habitual resident of Jamaica.

(2) An order made under this section applying any provisions of this Act in relation to any country

may apply that provision-

(a) without exception or modification or subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be

specified in the order;

(b) generally or in relation to such classes of works or other classes of case as may be so specified.

(3) An order shall not be made under this section in relation to any country unless-

(a) the country is a Convention country; or

(b) a country as to which the Minister is satisfied that provision has been or will be made under its

law in respect of the class of works or (as the case may be) the performances, to which the order

relates, giving adequate protection to the owners of copyright under this Act or, as the case may be,

to Jamaican performances as defined in section 145 (4).

(4) In this section "Convention country" means a country which is a party to a Convention relating

to copyright or performers' rights, as may be appropriate, to which Jamaica is also a party.

145. Denial of copyright or rights in performances.

145.(1) If it appears to the Minister that the laws of a country fail to give adequate protection to

Jamaican works to which this section applies or to Jamaican performances, or fail to give adequate

protection in the case of one or more classes of such works or performances, (whether the lack of

protection relates to the nature of the work or performance or the nationality, citizenship or country

of its author or performer or all of those matters) the Minister may, by order, make provision in

relation to that country in accordance with subsection (2).

(2) An order made for the purposes of this section shall designate the country concerned and may

provide either generally or in relation to such classes of case as are specified in the order, that

performances shall not subsist in performances first given, after a date specified in the order (which

may be a date before the 1st September, 1993) if, at the time of the first publication of those works

or the giving of the performance, as the case may be, the authors of the works or the performers

were or are -

(a) citizens or nationals of that country, not being at that time persons whose habitual residence is in

Jamaica or a specified country (excluding the country concerned); or

(b) in the case of works, bodies incorporated or established under the laws of that country.

(3) The Minister shall, in making an order under this section, have regard to the nature and extent of

the lack of protection for Jamaican works or Jamaican performances in consequence of which the

order is being made.

(4) This section applies to literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, sound recordings and films,

and for the purposes of this section-

"Jamaican performances" means-

(a) performances given by individuals who are citizens or habitual residents of Jamaica; or

(b) performances that take place in Jamaica;

"Jamaican works" means works of which the author was a qualified person at the material lime

within the meaning of section 7 (3).

146. International organizations.

146.(1) This section applies to international organizations as to which the Minister by order has

declared that it is expedient that this section should apply.

(2) Where an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is first published by or under the

direction or control of an international organization to which this section applies in such

circumstances that copyright would not, except by virtue of this subsection, subsist in the work

immediately after the first publication thereof, and-

(a) the work is so published in pursuance of an agreement with the author which does not reserve to

the author the copyright, if any, in the work; or

(b) the work was made in such circumstances that, if it had been first published in Jamaica, the

organization would have been entitled to the copyright in the work, then, copyright shall subsist in

the work by virtue of this section and the organization shall be first owner of that copyright.

(3) Copyright of which an international organization is first owner by virtue of this section shall

subsist until the end of the period of fifty years from the end of the calendar year in which the work

was made or such longer period as may be specified by the Minister, by order, for the purpose of

complying with the international obligations of Jamaica.

(4) An organization to which this section applies which otherwise has not, or at some material time

otherwise has not, the legal capacities of a body corporate shall have. and shall be deemed at all

material times to have had, the legal capacities of a body corporate for the purpose of holding,

dealing with and enforcing copyright, and in connection with all legal proceedings relating to

147. Territorial waters and exclusive economic zone.

147.(1) For the purposes of this Act, the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of Jamaica

shall be treated as part of Jamaica.

(2) This Act applies to things done in the exclusive economic zone as it applies to things done in

Jamaica.

(3) In this section-

"exclusive economic zone" means the zone established under section 3 of the Exclusive Economic

Zone Act;

"territorial sea" means the waters described in section 3 of the Territorial Sea Act.

148. Act applies to Jamaican ships, aircraft.

148.(1) This Act applies to things done on a Jamaican ship or Jamaican aircraft as it applies to

things done in Jamaica.

(2) In this section "Jamaican ship" and "Jamaican aircraft" mean, respectively, a ship or aircraft

registered in Jamaica.

149. Act binds Crown.

149. This Act binds the Crown.

150. Regulations.

150. The Minister may make regulations prescribing such matters as are required or permitted by

this Act to be prescribed or as are necessary or desirable to be prescribed for giving effect to this

Act.

151. Repeals.

151.(1) The Copyright Act, 1911, of the United Kingdom, in so far as it is part of the law of

Jamaica shall cease to have effect in Jamaica on the appointed day.

(2) Without prejudice to section 25 of the Interpretation Act, the repeal under subsection (1) in

relation to the Copyright Act, 1911 of the United Kingdom includes the repeal of any

Order-in-Council or subsidiary legislation made under that Act, in so far as it has effect as part of

the law of Jamaica.

152. Savings.

152. Nothing in this Act shall affect the operation of any rule of equity relating to breaches of trust

or confidence.

153. Transitional.

153.(1) Where immediately prior to the appointed day copyright subsists in Jamaica in any literary,

dramatic, musical or artistic work by virtue of the Copyright Act, 191l of the United Kingdom, such

owner thereof, under and subject to this Act, and in particular-

(a) the duration of such copyright;

(b) the acts comprised within the exclusive rights attaching to such copyright; and

contract or agreement made on or after the appointed day, shall be governed by this Act.

(2) Where, on the appointed day copyright subsists in Jamaica by virtue of section 19 (l) of the

virtue of which sounds may be mechanically produced, such copyright shall continue

(a) to subsist for the remainder of the period for which it would have subsisted if this Act had not

been passed; and

(b) in relation to any such record, perforated roll or contrivance, to have the meaning and effect it

would have had if this Act had not been passed.

(3) No act done before the appointed day is actionable by virtue of the conferment of the rights

specified in Part m.

(4) The right conferred by section 14 to be identified as the author or, as the case may be, director of

a work, and the right conferred by section 15 to object to derogatory treatment of such work, shall

not apply-

(a) in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work of which the author died before the

appointed day; or

(b) in relation to a film made before the appointed day.

(5) The rights in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work existing before the

appointed day do not apply-

(a) where copyright first vested in the author, to anything which, by virtue of an assignment of

(b) where copyright first vested in a person ether than the author, to anything done by or with the

licence of the copyright owner.

(6) The right to privacy conferred by section 17 in respect of photographs and films does not apply

to photographs taken or films made, before the appointed day.

(8) Where an act done before the appointed day was then an infringement of copyright but is not an

infringement of copyright under this Act, then, proceedings in respect of that Act may be taken as if

this Act had not been passed.

(9) An act done before the appointed day shall not be an infringement of copyright or rights in

performances conferred by this Act if that Act would not, but for the passing of this Act, have

constituted an infringement.

(10) Proceedings for infringement of copyright instituted but not disposed of before the appointed

day shall be disposed of as if this Act had not been passed.

(11) Proceedings under this Act for infringement may be taken notwithstanding that the alleged

infringement occurred before the appointed day.

SCHEDULE (Sections 103 (2) )

1. (1) The Tribunal shall consist of a chairman and two deputy chairmen and not less than two nor

more than eight other members.

(2) A person eligible for appointment as chairman or a deputy chairman if he is an attorney-at-law

of not less than five years standing or a person who has held judicial office.

2. The members of the Tribunal shall be appointed by the Minister by instrument in writing, and,

subject to the provisions of this Schedule shall hold office for such period, not exceeding three

years, as may be specified in the instrument, but shall be eligible for reappointment.

3. A member of the Tribunal may at any time resign his office by instrument in writing and such

resignation shall take effect as from the date of the receipt by the Minister of such instrument.

4. The Minister may by instrument in writing at any time revoke the appointment of any member of

the Tribunal if-

(a) he has become bankrupt; or

(b) he is incapacitated by physical or mental illness, or if he is, in the opinion of the Minister.

otherwise unfit to perform his duties as member.

5. (1) The Copyright Tribunal shall sit in such number of divisions as may from time to time be

necessary.

(2) A division of the Tribunal shall consist of-

(a) a chairman, who shall be either the chairman or a deputy chairman of the Tribunal; and

(b) To or more ordinary members.

(3) Where in any proceedings the members are not unanimous, the decision of the Tribunal shall be

by a majority of the votes of the members, and in the event of an equality of votes, the chairman

shall be entitled to a second or casting vote.

(4) Where part of any proceedings before the Tribunal has been heard and one or more members of

the Tribunal are unable to continue, the Tribunal shall remain duly constituted for the purpose of

those proceedings so long as the number of members is not reduced to less than three.

(5) If the chairman of a division of the Tribunal is unable to continue he shall-

(a) appoint one of the remaining members to act as chairman; and

(b) appoint a suitably qualified person to attend the proceedings and advise the members of any

question of law arising.

(6) For the purposes of paragraph (4) (b), a person is suitably qualified if he is or is eligible for

appointment as a deputy chairman of the Tribunal.

(7) The decision of the Tribunal or a division thereof may be signified under the hand of the

chairman.

(8) Subject to the provisions of this Schedule and to any regulations made pursuant to section 150,

the Tribunal may regulate its own proceedings.

(9) The validity of the proceedings of the Tribunal shall not be affected by any vacancy amongst the

members thereof or by any defect in the appointment of any member thereof.

6. The Tribunal may order that the costs or expenses of any proceedings before it incurred by any

party shall be paid by any other party, and may tax or settle the amount of any costs or expenses to

be paid under any such order or direct in what manner they are to be taxed.

7. The Minister shall make such arrangements in relation to the provision and remuneration of

officers and employees of the Tribunal as may from time to time be necessary.

8. The chairman and other members of the Tribunal and persons appointed under paragraph 5 (5)

(b) shall be paid such remuneration (whether by way of honorarium, salary or fees) and such

allowances as the Minister may determine.

9. The expenses of the Tribunal, including the remuneration and allowances referred to in paragraph

8 shall be paid oust of moneys provided for the purpose by Parliament.

10. The name of all members of the Tribunal as first constituted and every change in the

membership thereof shall be published in the Gazette.

11. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, no act done or proceeding taken under this Act by the

Tribunal shall be questioned on the ground of any omission, defect or irregularity not affecting the

merits of the case.

12. A member of the Tribunal who is interested directly or indirectly in any matter before the

Tribunal-

(a) shall disclose the nature of his interest at any meeting of the Tribunal dealing with the matter;

and

(b) shall not take part in any deliberation or decision of the Tribunal with respect to that matter.

13. No action, suit, prosecution or other proceedings shall be brought or instituted personally

against any member of the Tribunal in respect of any act done bona fide in the execution or

intended execution of the Tribunal's functions under this Act.

14. The office of chairman or member of the Tribunal shall not be a public office for the purposes

of Chapter V of the Constitution of Jamaica.

Public offer - read carefully before registration!

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Article 1. Contracting parties.
1. The Parties of this Public Offer (paid service agreement), hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement” or “Offer”, are, as follows:

a) Executor is a person, who makes this Offer and who executes this Agreement in accordance with its terms and conditions: Solcity World Investment and Development; and

b) Customer is a person, who accepts this Offer and who is the author of any publication.

Article 2. Acceptance.

1. The Customer shall accept this Offer in case of and after the following activities:

a) fill in and send to the Executor an application in electronic format in the form established by this Agreement and posted on the Executor’s official website; and

b) provide the author’s abstract specifying what material was created by the author; and

c) provide a list of all key words (tags) that enable finding the location of the author’s abstract of the Customer on the Executor’s website; and

d) post (“upload”) the material itself on the Executor’s official website; and

e) pay for the Executor’s services in the amount and following the procedure set forth by this Agreement.

2. The Executor shall verify the Customer’s data and post the information about the Customer and his/her work of authorship on SciReg.org in Internet. From this moment on, the Customer shall be considered as an acceptor of this Offer and a Party to this Agreement.

3. The Executor shall be entitled, without giving any reasons, to refuse the Customer to accept this Offer and the Customer unconditionally, entirely and irrevocably agrees with this provision.

Article 3. Scope of the Agreement.

1. The Executor hereof shall render services on establishing, formation and maintenance of the Copyright register in electronic format on the Executor’s official website in Internet.

2. The Executor hereof shall render to the Customer paid services on posting (publishing) of information about the applicant as the author of the material under the terms and in accordance with this Agreement.

3. The work of authorship shall be understood by the Parties as a subject matter of copyright established by the Civil Code or other laws of the Author’s Country of domicile.

4. The Executor shall publish information (data), hereinafter referred to as the “summary”, about the applicant as the author of the material in the Register posted on the Executor’s official website in Internet under the terms set forth by this Agreement.

5. The Executor shall be entitled, at his own discretion and without coordination with the Customer, to assign his obligations for execution of this Agreement to any third party, and the Customer unconditionally agrees with this provision.

Article 4. Register.

1. The Register shall be an ordered and standardized register containing a summary of the Customer: Author’s information, including co-authors, name of the work of authorship, publication date, author’s abstract revealing the content of the work of authorship and its unique character, as well as a unique number of posting in the Register assigned to the author and his/her material automatically by the Executor, key words (tags) that enable any person to find information about the author and his/her publication posted in the Register on the Executor’s official website in Internet.

2. The author’s abstract shall be a brief description of the author’s publication designating its unique character and showing that the Customer is its author.

3. The Register shall be maintained in electronic form on the Executor’s official website in Internet.

4. Information about the author, work of authorship and other information required by the rules for information posting in the Register, set forth by the Executor, except for the unique number, shall be posted by the Customer individually on the Executor’s official website in Internet.

5. Both the Register and the official website shall be the Executor’s property.

6. Any and all information posted by the Customer in the Register in accordance with the terms set forth by this Agreement shall be the Executor’s property. Hereby, the Customer shall not transfer copyright for his/her work of authorship to the Executor.

7. The rules for maintenance of the Register, its execution, posting of any details (information) in it shall constitute Appendix 1 to this Agreement forming an integral part hereof. The rules shall be issued exclusively by the Executor. The Executor, without coordination with the Customer and the Customer’s consent, shall have the right to make any changes in and/or amendment to the Register maintenance rules and the Customer unconditionally agrees with this provision. The Register maintenance rules shall be unconditionally mandatory for the Customer.

Article 5. Obligations of the Parties.

1. The Parties hereto shall (hereby shall be obliged to) unconditionally, voluntarily, conscientiously, and accurately follow all provisions of this Agreement, as well as any and all supplements, amendments and/or alterations hereto made under the terms set forth by this Agreement.

2. The Customer shall pay for the Executor’s services following the procedure and in the amount established by this Agreement.

3. The Customer, in contemplation of his/her death, shall be obliged to bind defendants to the terms of this Agreement.

4. If the Customer’s copyright is assigned to a third party, he/she shall be obliged to bind such third party to his/her obligations hereunder.

5. The Customer shall have an exclusive right to refer, in any form, to his/her summary (synopsis, author’s abstract) posted in the Register on the Executor’s official website in Internet in case of complete and fair execution of his/her obligations under this Agreement.

Article 6. Payment for the Executor’s services. Agreement price.

1. The Customer shall pay for the Executor’s services following the procedure and in the amount established by the provisions of this Article.

2. The price for one posting by the applicant of one his/her summary in the Register shall be 20 (twenty) US Dollars – price of this Agreement.

3. The procedure for paying the amount set forth by this Article of the Agreement shall be determined in Appendix 1 to this Agreement.

4. The applicant shall pay the amount stated in para 2 of this Article (pay for the Executor’s service) to the Executor at the time of registration.

5. The amounts paid hereunder by the Customer to the Executor shall be nonreturnable.

6. Each Party shall individually pay any and all own taxes, duties and/or fees established by the legislation of the Party in connection with execution of the terms hereof by the Party. Neither party shall be a fiscal agent of the other Party.

Article 7. Withdrawal from the Agreement.

1. The Customer shall be entitled to withdraw from execution of this Agreement in the form of non-payment of a next settlement set forth by this Agreement.

2. The Executor shall have the right, including in his sole discretion, to withdraw from execution of this Agreement without reimbursement to the Customer of any expenses and/or losses (damages), as well as without payment of any penalty and/or penalty fee and/or any other forfeit, and the Customer unconditionally and entirely agrees with this provision, in the following case (cases):

a) failure to pay by the Customer for the services to the Executor in the amount and under the terms set forth by this Agreement; and/or

b) provision of false information by the Customer; and/or

c) any other technical reasons.

Article 8. Information sharing.

1. Unless otherwise provided for in this Agreement, the Parties hereto may share information, and this information for the Parties shall be regarded as official, by phone, fax, sms, Skype, via e-mail and/or in writing (in hard copy).

2. The Parties hereto may share documents and these documents shall be legally effective for the Parties and considered properly received by the Parties by fax, Skype, via e-mail, in writing in hard copy, unless otherwise provided for in this Agreement. A signature affixed to the document forwarded by any Party via e-mail shall be accepted by the Parties. A signature affixed to the document forwarded by any Party by fax shall be accepted by the Parties. A signature affixed to the document forwarded by any Party via Skype shall be accepted by the Parties.

3. Along with the afore-mentioned, the Parties may have electronic documentary interchange and affix their electronic digital signatures (EDS) on any and all documents.

Article 9. Arbitration.

1. All disputes arising between the Parties in relation to interpretation of this Agreement and/or execution of this Agreement shall be settled by the Parties in the form of bilateral negotiations.

2. If the Parties fail to reach a compromise during negotiations, they shall settle their dispute in the arbitration court (arbitration) of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of British Virgin Islands.

3. As the rules of procedural law based on which the Parties shall settle their dispute, the Parties shall accept the rules of arbitration court (arbitration) of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of British Virgin Islands.

4. As the rules of substantive law based on which the Parties settle their dispute, the Parties shall accept this Agreement and rules of international agreements (conventions) regulating copyright legal relationship.

Article 10. Other terms and conditions.

1. This Agreement is made in written and electronic form, in one counterpart, which:

a) Agreement in writing is kept in the Executor’s office, and

b) posted in electronic form on the Executor’s official website in Internet.

2. Alteration, amendments and/or supplements to this Agreement shall be made in written and electronic form by the Executor individually, in a single hard counterpart and a single electronic counterpart posted on the official website in Internet and the Customer unconditionally agrees with this provision.

3. Changes in this Agreement shall be made by the Executor as a new version of the Agreement.

4. If the Customer disagrees with new terms and conditions, he/she shall have a right to withdraw from the Agreement following the procedure and terms set forth by this Agreement.